A&P 3.10 Immunity

Question 0

Extensor hallicis longus

A, I, O

Answer 0

Origin: anteromedial surface of the fibula and interosseous membrane

Insertion: base of distal phalanx of great toe (hallicis)

Action: extension/dorsiflexion the big toe

Question 1

Extensor digitorum longus

A, I , O

Answer 1

Origin: lateral condyle of tibia and superior 2/3 anterior margin of fibula

Insertion: by four tendons to dorsal surface of bases of proximal, middle, and digital phalanges of toes 2-5

Action: extension/dorsiflexion of the 4 lateral toes

Question 2

Lymphocytes

Answer 2

T - cells- cancer & virus- attack directly
B - cells - bacteria - antibody producing before attack
NK- attack everything that is not self

Question 3

Monocytes

Answer 3

Monocytes in blood stream
Macrophages in tissue
Can be either fixed/stationary or wandering/roaming about

Question 4

WBC production

Answer 4

Produced by pluripotent stem cells in red bone marrow

Using hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis

Question 5

Non-specific immunity

Answer 5

General defense that lacks specific responses
Responds same way regardless of invader
Acts against anything not recognized as self

INNATE IMMUNITY

Question 6

Mechanisms of nonspecific defense

Answer 6

Species resistance - human properties that protect the body from pathogens that are not of the same species

Question 7

First line of defense

Answer 7

Mechanical and physical barriers

Epidermis and mucous membranes - prevent foreign substances from entering the internal environment

NON-SPECIFIC

Question 8

Second line of defense

Answer 8

Inflammation
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural killer cells
Interferon
Complement

NON-SPECIFIC

Question 9

Inflammation

Answer 9

Isolates pathogen and stimulates fast arrival immune cells

Question 10

Phagocytosis

Answer 10

Ingestion and destruction of pathogen by

Neutrophils
Macrophages

Question 11

Neutrophils

Answer 11

Phagocytosis

First phagocytes to arrive

Question 12

Macrophages

Answer 12

Monocytes in blood, macrophages in tissue
Capable of consuming many pathogens
Arrive second, take longer to arrive, smaller in numbers than neutrophils but they eat more

Question 13

Natural killer cells

Answer 13

Non-specific because of wise variety of possible actions
Lymphocytes that tend to kill viruses and cancer
Attack directly

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

Interferon

Complement

Question 15

Interferon

Answer 15

Protein
Produced by cells after viral infection
Inhibit the spread of the virus

Question 16

Complement

Answer 16

Protein

Enzymes that cause “lysis” or rupture of foreign cell

Question 17

Third line of defense

Answer 17

Specific or adaptive immunity

Mechanisms by which the immune system is able to recognize, remember and destroy specific types of bacteria or toxins

T and B cells (lymphocytes) derived from hematopoietic stem cells

RECOGNIZE, REMEMBER AND DESTROY

Question 18

T cells

Answer 18

Attack pathogens more directly

T cell immune mechanisms are classified as CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

Question 19

Development of T cells

Answer 19

T cells start in red bone marrow
Go to thymus gland to mature
Migrate to lymph nodes and spleen as mature T cells
T cells defend from viral disease and cancer

Question 20

Cytotoxic

Answer 20

Specific T cells cause contact killing/release of macrophages which then eat cells

Question 21

Memory

Answer 21

Remain in lymphatic tissue and recognize the original invading antigen to initiate a faster reaction than during first invasion

Question 22

Helper & suppressor

Answer 22

Help regulate T & B cells

Question 23

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 23

T cell immunity

Question 24

Development of B cells

Answer 24

Antibody mediated/humoral immunity B cells do not attack pathogens themselves but instead produce molecules called antibodies The antibodies attack pathogens or direct other cells such as phagocytes, to attack them B cell mechanism are classified as anti-body mediated immunity

Question 25

Development of B cells

Answer 25

Occurs as a fetus in the yolk sac. Then in the bone marrow or liver

Question 26

Antibody

Answer 26

``` Plasma protein (immunoglobulin) A native molecule normally present in the body Designed to react to or with specific antigen ```

Question 27

Antigen

Answer 27

Antibody generating Macromolecules (large) that as a result of contact induce the immune system to make certain responses Most antigens are formed proteins Many are located on the walls or outer membranes of micro-organisms, or the outer coat of virus

Question 28

Antigen-antibody reactions

Answer 28

Antibodies fight disease first by recognizing substances that are foreign or abnormal Antibodies bind producing one or more effects These effects can transform antigens that are toxins into harmless substances, or make antigens stick together for phagocytize cells to dispose of more rapidly

Question 29

Disorders of the immune system

Answer 29

Either over react to antigens or fail to react to antigens to produce disease

Question 30

Hypersensitivities

Answer 30

Over reactions | A type of inappropriate or excessive response of the immune system

Question 31

Hypersensativities

Answer 31

Allergy Autoimmunity Isoimmunity

Question 32

Allergy

Answer 32

Hypersensitivity to harmless environmental antigens

Question 33

Autoimmunity

Answer 33

An inappropriate or excessive response to self antigens

Question 34

Isoimmmunity

Answer 34

A normal reaction (often undesirable) of the immune system to antigens from a different individual of the same species (pregnancy, tissue transplant)

Question 35

Deficiencies of the immune system

Answer 35

AIDS & congenital deficiency of the immune system