9.1-9.4

Question 1

Surface area of a cell?

Answer 1

The area covered by the plasma membrane

Question 2

Volume of a cell?

Answer 2

The space taken up by the inner contents of the cell

Question 3

Why is it harder for bigger cells to transport substances?

Answer 3

Diffusion is inefficient over longer distances
Cytoskeleton less efficient when cells are larger
Cellular communication is more efficient in smaller cells

Question 4

Cell cycle?

Answer 4

Cells reproduce by a cycle of growing and dividing

Question 5

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 5

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

Question 6

Interphase?

Answer 6

stage during which the cells grows, carries out cellular functions, and replicates its DNA. Think of interphase as the “warm up.”

Question 7

Mitosis?

Answer 7

the cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide; has 4 substages.

Question 8

Cytokinesis?

Answer 8

cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating two new cells.

Question 9

What are the three stages of Interphase?

Answer 9

G1, S, G2

Question 10

G1?

Answer 10

During G1, the cell grows, does normal cell functions, and prepares to replicate DNA.

Question 11

S(synthesis)?

Answer 11

the cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division

Question 12

Chromosomes?

Answer 12

the structures that contain the genetic material (DNA)

Question 13

Chromatin?

Answer 13

the relaxed form of DNA in the cell’s nucleus

Question 14

G2?

Answer 14

the cell prepares for the division of its nucleus

Question 15

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cell division?

Answer 15

Prokaryotic: binary fission, DNA in a single chromosome
Eukaryotic: cell division, many chromosomes

Question 16

Goal of mitosis?

Answer 16

accurately separates DNA

Question 17

Benefits of mitosis?

Answer 17

increases number of cells, replace damaged cells

Question 18

PMAT?

Answer 18

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 19

Longest stage of mitosis?

Answer 19

prophase

Question 20

Prophase?

Answer 20

chromatin tightens into chromosomes

Question 21

where are sister chromatid attached?

Answer 21

centromere

Question 22

Parts of a spindle apparatus?

Answer 22

spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers

Question 23

Function of the spindle apparatus

Answer 23

moves and organizes the chromosomes before cell division

Question 24

Shortest phase of mitosis?

Answer 24

metaphase

Question 25

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 25

Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell

Question 26

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 26

Chromatids pull apart, microtubules shorten, chromosomes move toward poles of the cell

Question 27

What happens during telophase?

Answer 27

- Chromosomes arrive at the poles and decondense - 2 nuclear membranes form and nucleoli reappear - Spindle apparatus disassembles

Question 28

Cytokinesis in plant cells vs animal cells?

Answer 28

Plant: cell plate forms Animal: Microfilaments pinch off

Question 29

What do proteins and enzymes control

Answer 29

timing and rate of cell division

Question 30

What two substances drive the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells

Answer 30

cyclin and CDK

Question 31

What are cyclins

Answer 31

Proteins

Question 32

What are CDKs

Answer 32

Enzymes

Question 33

Why are there checkpoints after each stage of interphase?

Answer 33

Prevent the replication of damaged DNA

Question 34

What is cancer?

Answer 34

uncontrolled growth and division of cells

Question 35

How do cancer cells kill an organism?

Answer 35

competition -> crowding out normal cells, loss of tissue function

Question 36

Cause of cancer?

Answer 36

- mutations and changes in DNA | - environmental factors

Question 37

What substance is known to cause cancer?

Answer 37

carcinogens

Question 38

Example of apoptosis?

Answer 38

Webbing

Question 39

What does apoptosis do?

Answer 39

eliminating organs and tissues during embryonic and larval stages

Question 40

What might happen if apoptosis occurs during the development of damaged cells?

Answer 40

Lead to cancerous growth

Question 41

What is a bleb?

Answer 41

disfigured plasma membrane

Question 42

Cellular differentiation?

Answer 42

unspecialized cells become specialized -> have a certain structure and function

Question 43

What are stem cells?

Answer 43

cells that can be directed to become specialized

Question 44

What are embryonic stem cells?

Answer 44

unspecialized cells that result after sperm fertilizes an egg

Question 45

How many chromosomes do human cells have?

Answer 45

46.

Question 46

Homologous chromosomes?

Answer 46

chromosomes that make up a pair, have the same length and centromere position. They carry genes that control the same traits.

Question 47

Gametes?

Answer 47

Sex cells that have half the number of chromosomes

Question 48

Fertilization?

Answer 48

the process by which one haploid gamete combines with another haploid gamete

Question 49

Is a gamete a haploid or diploid?

Answer 49

Haploid

Question 50

What are chromosomes that determine an individual’s gender called?

Answer 50

Sex chromosomes.

Question 51

What are chromosomes that do not determine an individual’s gender called?

Answer 51

Autosomes

Question 52

Gender of individuals with XX chromosomes? | Gender of individuals with XY chromosomes?

Answer 52

XX: Female XY: Male

Question 53

Where does meiosis occur?

Answer 53

occurs in the reproductive structures of organisms that reproduce sexually

Question 54

Haploid vs Diploid?

Answer 54

Haploid: half the number of chromosomes, written as n Diploid: Original # of chromosomes, written as 2n

Question 55

Prophase I?

Answer 55

- Homologous chromosomes pair. - Crossing over produces the exchange of genetic information. - The nuclear envelope breaks down. - Spindles form.

Question 56

Crossing over?

Answer 56

a process during which chromosomal segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes.

Question 57

Metaphase I?

Answer 57

Chromosome centromeres attach to spindles. | Homologous chromosomes line up at equator.

Question 58

Anaphase I?

Answer 58

Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Question 59

Telophase I + Cytokinesis?

Answer 59

Spindles break down. Chromosomes uncoil to form two nuclei. The cell divides.

Question 60

Prophase II?

Answer 60

Chromosomes condense. Spindles form in each new cell. Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.

Question 61

Metaphase II?

Answer 61

Centromeres of chromosomes line up randomly at the equator of each cell.

Question 62

Anaphase II

Answer 62

Centromeres split. | Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles.

Question 63

Telophase II+Cytokinesis?

Answer 63

Four nuclei form around chromosomes. Spindles break down. Cells divide.

Question 64

Products of Meiosis?

Answer 64

Four cells have formed. | Each nucleus contains a haploid number of chromosomes.

Question 65

How many different combos can result from meiosis?

Answer 65

4.

Question 66

What causes variation in genes?

Answer 66

Crossing over exchanges genetic material

Question 67

Telomeres?

Answer 67

chromosomes that end in protective caps that consist of DNA associated with proteins, might be involved in aging and cancer.

Question 68

Karyotypes?

Answer 68

A type of micrograph where HC are arranged in decreasing size

Question 69

Nondisjunction?

Answer 69

When sister chromatids fail to separate properly.

Question 70

Down syndrome?

Answer 70

the result of an extra chromosome 21, often called trisomy 21

Question 71

Turner's syndrome?

Answer 71

Has only one sex chromosome

Question 72

Klinefelter's syndrome?

Answer 72

Has three sex chromosomes.