L30.Valvular heart disease

Question 1

What are the two main valve diseases (Can be pure one or mixed, more than one valve)

Answer 1

Stenosis: impaired forward flow and

Regurgitation/ incompetence : allowing reverse flow

Question 2

What are diastolic murmurs an indication of

Answer 2

Atrioventricular stenosis

Aortic/pulmonary incompetence (back flow)

Question 3

What are systolic murmurs an indication of

Answer 3

Atrioventricular incompetence (back flow)

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis.

Question 4

What are some of the starters of valvular disease

Answer 4

• development defects of CT eg. bicuspid aortic valve, myxomatous degeneration of mitral valve, stenosis and regurgitation
• Dystrophic calcification due to extensive cell injury/death of the valve. eg. stenosis of aortic valve
• Endocarditis: acute normal valve/: staph aureus/
  sub acute already abnormal: strep viridous make lesions= vegetations containing pathogens
• Post infection Rheumatic fever: hypersensitive reaction to Strep pyogenes. Chronic valve deformities
• Non bacterial thrombotic endocarditis- hypercoagulable state making thrombus on valves - not triggered by pathogen due to underlying cause.
• Carcinoid tumour neuroendocrine tumour which cause plaquelike thickenings of smooth muscle cells on the right side heart valves. .

Question 5

What are the left and right atrioventricular and semilunar valves

Answer 5

Right: Tricuspid then pulmonary
Left: Mitral then Aortic

Question 6

What is endocarditis prophylaxis used for

Answer 6

After valve damage has occurred from congenital disease, rheumatic fever, prosthetic heart valves, which predisposes to infection/ bacteremia in the blood.