Immune System

Question 1

What does the immune system ensure?

Answer 1

harmful pathogens don’t enter

Question 2

What is the innate system?

Answer 2

for broad, general responses

in all animals

Question 3

What is the adaptive system?

Answer 3

for specific responses

in vertebrates only

Question 4

What is molecular recognition?

Answer 4

identification of non-self molecules elements via binding to Immune Receptors that have 3d shape that matches a corresponding pathogen, lock and key fit

Question 5

What does innate immunity include?

Answer 5

non-specific barrier defenses

Question 6

What are barrier defenses?

Answer 6

layers setup non-specific, physical barrier to pathogen entry like skin or exoskeletons

Question 7

What is the purpose of the mucous membrane/secretions?

Answer 7

create fluid that traps and washes away pathogens

Question 8

What are lysozyme?

Answer 8

general digestive enzymes in tears, saliva, mucus

Question 9

What do general receptors detect?

Answer 9

broad pathogen patterns

Question 10

How do some invertebrates kill viruses?

Answer 10

through RNA interference

Question 11

What are phagocytes?

Answer 11

engulf pathogens in amoeba-like fashion

Question 12

What are neutrophils?

Answer 12

a type of phagocyte that circulates within blood vessels

Question 13

What are macrophages?

Answer 13

present in all tissues; some migrate

Question 14

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 14

often in tissues that contact the environment that will engulf pathogens, break them up, and present parts of the pathogen (antigen) on the cell membrane

Question 15

What does antigen presentation activate?

Answer 15

activates the adaptive immune system

Question 16

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 16

detect abnormal proteins in infected/cancer cells and dock to the bad cell
the release proteins that form pores in the cell and invade with water to lyse the cell

Question 17

What are microbial peptides?

Answer 17

they disrupt membrane integrity in bacteria

Question 18

What are interferons?

Answer 18

secreted by an infected host cell, which activates inhibits of viral replication in neighbor cells

Question 19

What is the inflammatory response?

Answer 19

part of innate immunity that is triggered by physical injury or infection

Question 20

What are mast cells?

Answer 20

immune detector cells that release chemical histamine

Question 21

What is histamine?

Answer 21

attracts neutrophils and widens capillaries (inflammation)

Question 22

What does the adaptive immunity do?

Answer 22

has specific receptors that detect unique pathogen parts

gives high specificity

Question 23

What are lymphocytes?

Answer 23

white blood cells bade in bone marrow

Question 24

What are T-Cells?

Answer 24

migrate to thymus for storage and maintenance

Question 25

What are B-Cells?

Answer 25

stay in bone marrow for storage and maintenance

Question 26

What do T and B cells present?

Answer 26

express antibodies that are unique antigen receptors

Question 27

What are the variable regions?

Answer 27

different in each antibody

give each antibody a unique antigen binding ability

Question 28

What are the constant regions?

Answer 28

same in all antibodies

Question 29

What are Immunoglobulin Genes?

Answer 29

encode antibody chains that undergo internal recombination

Question 30

What is recombinase?

Answer 30

an enzyme that randomly links one J with one V, deleting DNA in between, creating a unique gene for each precursor cell

Question 31

What leads to autoimmune disorders?

Answer 31

antibodies target the body’s own tissue and leave the bone marrow where they should’ve been kept and destroyed, but genomic disorder prevents this

Question 32

How are B and T cells patrolled?

Answer 32

through the circulatory system and lymphatic system

Question 33

Where do pathogens collect?

Answer 33

lymph nodes

Question 34

What happens when an antibody from an unique B cell finds a matching antigen?

Answer 34

It triggers cell division to produce more this specific B-Cell/antibody type
Massive production of soluble form of this type of antibody, via plasma cells
formation of long-lived memory cells that can be quickly made if re-infection occurs

Question 35

How doe antibodies work to kill pathogens?

Answer 35

Neutralization: antibodies flood surface of pathogen so it cannot interact with cells in the host

opsonization: makes pathogens more easily found in phagocytes
recruitment: whether through direct B cell interaction or via opsonization, antibodies bring antigen to helper t cells

Question 36

How are helper T cells activated?

Answer 36

by interacting with another cell that is presenting antigen on the surface of a cell with the appropriate MHC complex

Question 37

What is Humoral immunity?

Answer 37

secretion of antibodies into blood plasma to fight pathogens in body fluids

Question 38

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 38

attack and destroy host cells that have already been infected