Chapter 1-Structure and Function of body systems

Question 1

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

shoulder girdle; bones of the arms, wrists and hands; pelvic girdle; and bones of the legs, ankles and feet

Question 2

Fibrous joints

Cartilaginous joints

Synovial joints

Answer 2

allow virtually no movement (sutures of the skull)

allow limited movement (intervertebral discs)

allow considerable movement (elbow and knee)
low friction and large range of motion

Question 3

Hyaline cartilage

Answer 3

most common type, smooth with a glassy appearance; covers the ends of articulating bones and is found in the ribs, nose, larynx and trachea

Question 4

Synovial fluid

Answer 4

entire joints are enclosed in a capsule filled with SF whose main role is to reduce the friction between the articular cartilage of the joints

Question 5

Uniaxial joints

Biaxial joints

Multiaxial joints

Answer 5

operate as hinges rotating about one axis (elbow)

allow movement about two perpendicular axes (wrist and ankle)

allow movement about all three perpendicular axes that define space (shoulder and hip)

Question 6

Vertebral column

Answer 6

7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae (lower back)
5 sacral vertebrae (fused together to make up rear pelvis)
3-5 coccygeal vertebrae (vestigial internal tail)

Question 7

Skeletal muscle

Answer 7

organ containing muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels
more than 430 muscles

Question 8

Epimysium

Perimysium

Endomysium

Answer 8

fibrous connective tissue contiguous with the tendons at the ends of the muscle

connective tissue surrounding the fasciculi

connective tissue surrounding each individual muscle fiber

Question 9

Bone periosteum

Answer 9

specialized connective tissue covering all bones and attached to the tendon

Question 10

Limb muscles–2 attachments

Trunk muscles–2 attachments

Answer 10

proximal–closer to the trunk
distal–farther from the trunk

superior–closer to the head
inferior–closer to the feet

Question 11

Muscle fibers

Answer 11

long, cylindrical muscle cells about the diameter of a hair

Question 12

Fasciculus

Answer 12

groups of up to 150 muscle fibers grouped together and bound by perimysium

Question 13

Sarcolemma

Answer 13

transparent sheath that encircles and is contiguous with the fiber’s membrane

Question 14

Neuromuscular junction

Answer 14

junction between a motor neuron and the muscle fiber it innervates
each muscle cell only has 1 neuromuscular junction, but a single motor neuron innervates many muscle fibers

Question 15

Motor unit

Answer 15

the motor neuron and the muscle

Question 16

Sarcoplasm

Myofibril

Answer 16

cytoplasm of muscle fiber containing contractile components

contains the apparatus that contracts the muscle cell, primarily the myofilaments myosin and actin

Question 17

Myosin

Actin

Sarcomere

Answer 17

thick filament composed of a globular head, hinge point and a fibrous tail

thin filament consisting of two strands arranged in a double helix

smallest contractile unit of muscle where the myosin and actin filaments are organized longitudinally

Question 18

A-band

I-band

Z-line

H-zone

Answer 18

dark due to the alignment of the myosin

light due to adjacent sarcomeres containing only actin

in the middle of the I-band and appears as a thin, dark line running longitudinally through it

center of the sarcomere where only myosin filaments are present

Question 19

Action potential

Answer 19

electrical nerve impulse

the discharge of an action potential from a motor nerve signals the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, causing tension development in muscle

Question 20

Sliding filament theory

Answer 20

the actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling the Z-lines toward the center of the sarcomere and shortening the muscle fiber

Question 21

Troponin

Tropomyosin

Answer 21

protein that is situated at regular intervals along the actin filament and has a high affinity for calcium

protein molecule that runs along the length of the actin filament in the groove of the double helix

Question 22

At any instance in time the number of crossbridges that are formed between actin and myosin

Answer 22

dictate the force production of muscle

Question 23

What two things are necessary for crossbridge cycling with actin and myosin filaments

Answer 23

Calcium and ATP

Question 24

all-or-none principle

Answer 24

once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine diffuses across the neuromuscular junction, it generates an action potential along the sarcolemma and contracts all of the fibers

Question 25

tetanus

Answer 25

maximal amount of force the motor unit can develop

Question 26

slow-twitch fibers (Type I)

fast-twitch fibers (Type IIa and Type IIx)

Answer 26

develop force and relax slowly and have a long twitch time; efficient and fatigue resistant with a high capacity for aerobic energy supply

develop force and relax rapidly and have a short twitch time; inefficient and fatiguable with low aerobic power, rapid force development, high myosin ATPase activity, and high anaerobic power

Question 27

recruitment

Answer 27

process of increasing muscle force through varying the number of motor units activated

Question 28

Proprioceptors

Answer 28

specialized sensory receptors located within joints, muscles, and tendons that are sensitive to pressure and tension, and relay info concerning muscle dynamics to the conscious and subconscious parts of the CNS

Question 29

Muscle spindles

Answer 29

proprioceptors consisting of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue

provide info concerning muscle length and rate of change in length

facilitate activation of the muscle

Question 30

Golgi tendon organs

Answer 30

proprioceptors located in the tendons that are activated when the tendon attached to an active muscle is stretched

inhibit muscle activation

ability of the motor cortex to override the GTO’s inhibition may be one of the fundamental adaptations to heavy resistance training

Question 31

Cardiovascular system

Answer 31

responsible for the exchange of oxygen, transportation of nutrients throughout the body and removal of waste from the cells

regulates body’s acid-base system, fluids, and temperature

Question 32

Heart chambers

Answer 32

top chambers-atria
bottom chambers-ventricles

right side receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation
left side receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body

Question 33

Atrioventricular valves

Semilunar valves

Answer 33

tricuspid and bicuspid
prevent the blood from reentering the atria from the ventricles during systole

aortic and pulmonary
prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles during diastole

Question 34

Electrical impulse conduction

SA node

AV node

AV bundle

Purkinje fibers

Answer 34

sinoatrial node–starting place of the electrical impulse and the pacemaker

atrioventricular node–delays the impulse before sending it to the AV bundle

AV bundle–location where the impulse is prepared to be conducted to the ventricles

Once prepared, the impulse is sent to the left and right bundle branches of the heart

impulse divides and is conducted into the Purkinje fibers allowing both ventricles to receive the impulse

Question 35

bradycardia

tachycardia

Answer 35

HR fewer than 60 beats/min

HR higher than 100 beats/min

Question 36

Depolarization

Repolarization

Answer 36

negative potential inside the membrane becomes positive
P-wave and QRS wave

ventricles restore homeostasis
T-wave

QRS complex–repolarization of the atrium is masked by depolarization of the ventricle