Chapter 13-Administration, Scoring and Interpretation of Selected Tests

Question 1

Max muscular strength (low speed)

Answer 1

force a muscle/muscle group can exert in one max effort while maintaining proper form

Question 2

1 RM tests

Answer 2

max strength test of choice due to the fact that no expensive equipment is required and they reflect the kind of dynamic ability necessary in sport

proper warmup with a few sets of the test exercise at a light load
first attempt should be about 50% of estimated 1 RM
rest periods of 1-5 min depending on difficulty
increase amount based on the ease
skilled S&C conditioning should be able to find an athlete’s 1RM within 3-5 attempts

phosphocreatine and ATP are primary energy sources

Question 3

High speed muscular strength or anaerobic power

Answer 3

ability of muscle tissue to exert high force while contracting at a high speed

Question 4

Anaerobic power tests

Answer 4

very short duration
performed at maximal movement speeds
produce very high power outputs

includes 1RM of explosive exercises (power clean, snatch, push jerk), vertical jump, time to sprint up a staircase

phosphocreatine and ATP are primary energy staircase

Question 5

Power output

Answer 5

reflects both force and velocity

Question 6

Anaerobic capacity

Answer 6

max rate of energy production by the combined phosphagen and anaerobic glycolytic energy sytems for moderate-duration activities.

max power output during muscular activity between 30 and 90 seconds

Question 7

Local muscular endurance

Answer 7

ability of certain muscle groups to perform repeated contractions against a submaximal resistance

test continuously for several seconds to several minutes

Question 8

Aerobic capacity (aerobic power)

Answer 8

max rate at which an athlete can produce energy through oxidation of energy sources and expressed as a volume of oxygen consumed per kilogram of body weight per minute

generally estimated by performance in aerobic performance activities like running 1 mile/more, MAS test or Yo-yo intermittent recovery test

Question 9

Agility

Answer 9

rapid, whole-body change of direction or speed in response to a sports-specific stimulus
2 main components are speed in changing direction and cognitive factors

T-test, 505 agility or Pro agility tests are examples

Question 10

Speed

Answer 10

movement distance per unit time and typically quantified as the time taken to cover a fixed distance

handheld timers are up to 0.24 sec faster than electronic
more informative to measure split times to reveal acceleration and speed capacities
proper footwear and a nonslip surface are important

Question 11

Flexibility

Answer 11

range of motion about a joint

manual and electric goniometers measure joint angle and sit and reach boxes measure flexibility of the lower back and hips
warm-up and static stretching should occur before
no ballistic stretching

Question 12

Balance

Answer 12

ability to maintain static and dynamic equilibrium or the ability to maintain the body’s center of gravity over its base of support

Question 13

Stability

Answer 13

measure of the ability to return to a desired position following a disturbance to the system

Question 14

Body composition

Answer 14

relative proportion by weight of fat and lean tissue

skinfold calipers, DEXA and hydrostatic weighing

Question 15

Waist circumference

Answer 15

high measurements are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, high blood pressure and certain types of cardiac disease

Question 16

Anthropometry

Answer 16

science of measurement applied to the human body and includes height, weight and selected body girths

Question 17

Height

Answer 17

stadiometer is preferred if not,

measure against a flat wall without shoes to the nearest quarter-inch

Question 18

Weight

Answer 18

certified balance scale is preferred, but a calibrated electronic scale is acceptable
weight athletes in minimal dry clothing
morning after they wake up, after elimination and before ingestion of food or fluids is the best time

Question 19

Girth measurements

Answer 19

flexible measuring tape with spring-loaded attachment at the end is best
measurements should be taken at the beginning of the training period

Question 20

Testing conditions

Answer 20

conditions should be as similar as possible for all athletes and from test to retest
tests on the ground should be performed on the same surface
1RM strength tests should be performed with the same type of racks with the supports at the same height
equipment for jumping tests should be consistent
never test after a fatiguing sport activity or workout
normal hydration and nutrition before testing
no supplement use before or during testing
warm-up with general dynamic warm-up exercises and light calisthenics and with a specific warm-up that involves movements similar to those required for the test
familiarization and practice of the tests to be performed by the athletes

Question 21

difference score

Answer 21

difference between an athlete’s score at the beginning and end of a training period or between two separate testing times

Question 22

percent change

Answer 22

measuring the degree of improvement between two separate testing results

Question 23

Statistics

Answer 23

science of collecting, classifying, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data

Question 24

Descriptive statistics

Answer 24

summarizes or describes a large group of data

Question 25

Measures of central tendency

Answer 25

mean-average
median-middle number
mode-# that occurs most often

Question 26

Variability

Answer 26

degree of dispersion of scores within a group

Question 27

Measures of variability

Answer 27

range-difference between lowest and highest scores

standard deviation-measure of the variability of a set of scores about the mean

Question 28

z score

Answer 28

used to express the distance of any individual score in SD units from the mean

Question 29

Percentile rank

Answer 29

percentage of test takers scoring below that individual

Question 30

Inferential statistics

Answer 30

allows one to draw general conclusions about a population from information collected in a population sample

Question 31

Magnitude statistics

Answer 31

allows for interpretation of the clinical significance of fitness testing

Question 32

Smallest worthwhile change

Answer 32

ability of a test to detect the smallest practically important change in performance

Question 33

Effect size

Answer 33

statistic that can be useful for calculating group performance following a training program or comparing between groups of athletes

Question 34

Athletic profile

Answer 34

group of test results related to sport-specific abilities that are important for quality performance in a sport or sport position

Question 35

6 steps for evaluation of athletes

Answer 35

1-select tests that will measure the specific parameters most closely related to the physical characteristics of the sport
2-choose valid and reliable tests to measure these parameters and arrange the testing battery in an appropriate order with sufficient rest between tests to promote test reliability
3-administer the test battery with as many athletes as possible
4-determine the smallest worthwhile change for the tests and compare to normative data where appropriate
5-conduct repeat testing and use results to present a visual profile with figures
6-use the results of the testing in some meaningful way