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Principles > Histology: Blood and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Histology: Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of blood vessels (inner to outer)

A
  • tunica intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica adventitia
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2
Q

describe the tunica intima

A

single squamous endothelium supported by a basal lamina

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3
Q

describe the tunica media

A

smooth muscle of varying thickness

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4
Q

describe the tunica adventitia

A

supporting connective tissue

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5
Q

what separates the 3 layers of blood vessels

A

internal and external elastic membranes

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6
Q

what are elastic arteries and why is this the case

A
  • larger arteries where the tunica medias smooth muscle is replaced by elastic tissue
  • allows for greater elastic recoil
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7
Q

what is Verhoeff’s/Masson Trichome stain

A
  • elastic fibres, black
  • collagen, green
  • smooth muscle, red
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8
Q

what are vaso vasorum

A

blood supply to vaso vasorum

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9
Q

describe the layers in an arteriole

A
  • smaller tunica media and therefore less smooth muscle
  • almost no adventitia
  • control blood flow to tissues
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10
Q

what are capilaries composed of and what are the 3 types

A
  • endothelial cells and basal lamina
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • discontinuous
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11
Q

describe a continuous capillary and where its typically found

A
  • continuous

- muscle, nerve, lung, skin

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12
Q

describe a fenestrated capillary and where its typically found

A
  • has small pores

- gut mucosa, endocrine glands, kidney

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13
Q

describe a discontinuous capillary and where its typically found

A
  • has large pores

- liver, spleen, bone marrow

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14
Q

what is the function of pre-capillary sphincters and what are the composed of

A
  • control blood flow through the network

- smooth muscle

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15
Q

describe the path blood takes through the microvasculature

A

small arteriole -> meta-arteriole -> pre-capillary sphincter -> capillary -> thouroughfare channle -> post-capillary venules

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16
Q

describe the compositin of venules

A

endothelial cells and thin connective tissue layer

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17
Q

venules are important sites of what

A

exchange, i.e. inflammation

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18
Q

when are blood vessels classified as venules

A

when their tunica media has intermittent smooth muscle

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19
Q

when are blood vessels classed as veins

A

when they have a tunica intima, continuous tunica media and tunica adventitia

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20
Q

what is the tunica adventitia like on the largest veins

A

thick with longitudinal smooth muscle

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21
Q

what are valves and what is their purpose

A

inward extensions of the endothelium, prevent backflow of blood

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22
Q

give an overview of blood flow form elastic arteries to large veins

A

elastic arteries -> arterioles -> small arteriole -> metarteriole -> pre-capillary sphincter -> capillary -> post capillary venule -> venules -> small veins -> big veins

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23
Q

describe the vessels of the lymphatic system and its function

A

system of thin-walled vessels that transport lymph to lymph nodes for immune surveillance and drains excess lymph from tissues into blood stream

24
Q

how does the lymphatic system produce flow

A
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • smooth muscle in vessel walls
  • hydrostatic pressure in tissue
  • valves
25
Q

what are the formed component of blood

A
  • plateltes
  • WBCs
  • RBCs
26
Q

what are the 2 main categories of WBCs

A
  • granulocytes

- agranulocytes

27
Q

what type of cells are granulocytes

A
  • mast cells
  • eosinophils
  • neutrophiols
  • basophils
28
Q

what type of cells are agranulocytes

A
  • monocytes

- lymphocytes

29
Q

monocytes

A
  • macrophages

- dendritic cells

30
Q

what type of cells are lymphocytes

A
  • T cell
  • B cell
  • NK cell
31
Q

what is used to separate blood and how does its separate

A
  • centrifuge

- RBCs on bottom -> WBCs -> plasma (densest - less dense)

32
Q

how is serum obtained

A

blood allowed to clot, clot remove and blood is then spun on centrifuge

33
Q

describe RBCs

A

bi concave, no nucleus, contain Hb and can deform to slip through small spaces

34
Q

how can RBCs slip through small spaces

A

contain a netwokr of flexible cytoskeleton elements

35
Q

how long do RBCs circulate and what removes them

A
  • 4 months

- liver and spleen

36
Q

where is the majority of blood

A

peripheral veins

37
Q

describe neutrophils

A
  • stains poorly
  • promient, multi-lobed nucleus
  • abundant and short lived
38
Q

what produces neutrophils

A

bone marrow

39
Q

describe the activation of neutrophils

A

circulate inactive and are stimulated by phagocyte/inflammation/etc, the enter the tissue and become phagocytotic

40
Q

describe eosinophils

A
  • stain red (with eosin)
  • circulate and then move into tissue
  • bigger than neutrophils and contain a bilobed nucleus
  • granules contain hydrolytic enzymes
41
Q

function of eosinophils

A
  • induce and maintain inflammation in allergic reactions and asthma
  • fight parasitic infections
42
Q

describe basophils

A
  • stain blue/purple with basic dyes
  • bilobed nucleus often obscured by granules
  • granules contain inflammatory mediators
43
Q

how do basophiles function

A
  • effector in allergic reactions
  • have high affinity for IgE and and react to a specific allergen
  • degranulates when antigen binds
  • lead to hayfever, asthma, allergic reactions, etc
44
Q

describe monocytes

A
  • macrophage precursor
  • small lysosomal granules
  • biggest
  • kidney bean shaped nucleus
45
Q

where are macrophages found

A

mainly connective tissue but some are ‘wanderers’

46
Q

where are (macrophages)

  • Kuppfer cells
  • Microglia
  • Langerhans cells found
A
  • liver
  • brain
  • skin
47
Q

describe lymphocytes

A
  • round nucleus surrounded by a thin cytoplasm
  • no granules
  • arise from bone marrow
48
Q

describe T cells and their function

A
  • differentiate in thymus

- form complex set of cells that perform defense functions

49
Q

describe B cells function

A
  • give rise to antobidy secreting plasma cells
50
Q

describe platelets

A
  • small cell fragments
  • found in large numbers
  • no nucleus but some organelles
  • granules
  • cytoskeleton
51
Q

function of cytoskeleton and granules in platelets

A
  • extrusion of granules and clotting factors

- granules include coagulation factors

52
Q

where is the earliest site of erythrocyte formation and where does it occur a little later

A
  • outside the embryo in the yold sac at 3 weeks

- liver and spleen

53
Q

where does haemopeosis occur during

  • 2nd trimester
  • by birth
A
  • liver

- bone marrow

54
Q

why does some bone marrow stop producing erythrocytes and which one maintain it

A
  • as bones grow excess haemopoeisis happens so theyre not needed
  • pelvis, proximal femurs, ribs, skull, vertebrae
55
Q

what happens to the bone marrow that stops producing erythrocytes

A
  • become adipose tissue

- convert to RBC formation in emergency

Principles (65 decks)

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