91.400s

Question 1

When can a pilot operate an aircraft IFR without another pilot?

Answer 1

The FLIGHT MANUAL AUTHORISES the operation with one pilot;
The aircraft is EQUIPPED with COMMUNICATION equipment that can be OPERATED by pilot WITHOUT RELEASING aircraft flight CONTROLS

Question 2

What are the general fuel requirements for an IFR flight?

Answer 2

A pilot MUST carry SUFFICIENT fuel, taking into account the WEATHER REPORTS, FORECASTS and CONDITIONS to complete the flight to the AERODROME of INTENDED LANDING

Question 3

What are the additional fuel rules when an alternate aerodrome is required for turbine and non-turbine powered aircraft?

Answer 3

Turbine: Fly from the AERODROME of INTENDED LANDING to the ALTERNATE AERODROME and fly after that for 30 MINUTES at HOLDING SPEED at 1500ft ABOVE the AERODROME;
Non-turbine: Fly from the AERODROME of INTENDED LANDING to the ALTERNATE AERODROME and fly after that for 30 MINUTES at HOLDING SPEED at 1500ft ABOVE the AERODROME

Question 4

What are the additional fuel rules when an alternate aerodrome is not required for both turbine and non-turbine powered aircraft?

Answer 4

Turbine: Fly after that for 30 MINUTES at HOLDING SPEED at 1500ft ABOVE the AERODROME
Non-turbine: Fly after that for 45 MINUTES at HOLDING SPEED at 1500ft ABOVE the AERODROME

Question 5

When can a pilot not list an alternate aerodrome for a flight?

Answer 5

The AERODROME of INTENDED LANDING has a STANDARD instrument approach procedure PUBLISHED in the applicable AIP and;
At the TIME of SUBMITTING the flight plan the meteorological forecast INDICATE for AT LEAST 1 HOUR BEFORE and 1 HOUR AFTER the ETA for aerodrome of INTENDED LANDING, the CEILING will be at least 1000ft ABOVE MINIMUM published in AIP for the instrument approach likely to be used and VISIBILITY will be AT LEAST 5km or 2km MORE THAN MINIMUM published in AIP (which ever is GREATER)

Question 6

What are the requirements for an aerodrome to be listed as an alternate on the IFR flight plan (published, non-published, precision, and non-precision)?

Answer 6

If it HAS an INSTRUMENT APPROACH procedure with ALTERNATE MINIMA PUBLISHED in the AIP, the forecasts for ETA at the aerodrome must be AT or ABOVE the specified MINIMA;
If is DOES NOT HAVE an INSTRUMENT APPROACH procedure PUBLISHED in the AIP, the CEILING and VISIBILITY MINIMA for VFR operational DESCENT BELOW the MINIMUM ALTITUDE for IFR flights under 91 SUBPART D must be met;
For PRECISION APPROACH procedures, a CEILING of 600ft OR 200ft ABOVE DA/DH whichever is HIGHER, and a VISIBILITY of 3000m OR 1000m MORE than PRESCRIBED MINIMA whichever is GREATER;
For a NON-PRECISION APPROACH procedures, a CEILING of 800ft OR 200ft ABOVE MDA/MDH whichever is HIGHER, and a VISIBILITY of 4000m OR 1500m MORE than PRESCRIBED MINIMA whichever is GREATER;

Question 7

In terms of electrical power, when can a PIC list an alternate aerodrome in the IFR flight plan?

Answer 7

The aerodrome is EQUIPPED with a SECONDARY ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY for:
The GROUND BASED ELECTRONIC NAV AIDS necessary for the INSTRUMENT APPROACH and aerodrome LIGHTING for NIGHT OPERATIONS

Question 8

Where would you find the IFR aerodrome alternate minima?

What category would a Massey DA-40 be?

Answer 8

AIP EN-ROUTE 1.5;

CATEGORY A with NO DME

Question 9

What are the responsibilities of a PIC in regards to an IFR flight plan?

Answer 9

SUBMIT a FLIGHT PLAN to an appropriate ATS UNIT PRIOR to ANY FLIGHT under IFR and;
Unless otherwise authorised by ATS, SUMBIT the FLIGHT PLAN at least 30 MINUTES PRIOR to the BEGINNING of the flight and;
ADVISE appropriate ATS UNIT, ASAP of ANY DELAY EXCEEDING 30 MINUTES in BEGINNING the flight or DEPARTING from any aerodrome of INTENDED LANDING and;
TERMINATE the FLIGHT PLAN as soon as PRACTICABLE on COMPLETION of ANY flight at an aerodrome WITHOUT ATS

Question 10

What additional information must be added to an IFR flight plan unless otherwise authorised by ATS (18)?

Answer 10

IDENTIFICATION of aircraft;
TYPE and WAKE TURBULENCE CATEGORY of aircraft;
RADIO COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION, and APPROACH AID EQUIPMENT to be used;
DEPARTURE AERODROME and DEPARTURE TIME;
CRUISING SPEED, ALTITUDE, and ROUTE;
DESTINATION AERODROME, TOTAL EET, and ANY ALTERNATE;
FUEL ENDURANCE;
POB;
EMERGENCY and SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT;
ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION required for ATS PURPOSES

Question 11

Where are wake turbulence categories for IFR flight plans located?

Answer 11

ICAO DOC 8643

Question 12

When may the PIC deviate from the flight plan?

Answer 12

When a REQUEST for CHANGE has been made and CLEARANCE OBTAINED from appropriate ATC UNIT or;
When an EMERGENCY SITUATION ARISES which NECESSITATES IMMEDIATE ACTION;

Question 13

When a deviation is made from the flight plan due to an emergency situation, what should the PIC do?

Answer 13

NOTIFY the appropriate ATS UNIT as soon as PRACTICABLE

Question 14

In terms of route operations, how should the PIC operate under IFR conditions where practicable (published, navigational/parallel offset, and any other route)?

Answer 14

Published route: OPERATE along the DEFINED CENTRELINE of the ROUTE;
Navigation/parallel offset: OPERATE along the CENTRELINE of the ROUTE SPECIFIED by ATS;
Any other route: OPERATE DIRECTLY BETWEEN the NAVIGATION FACILITIES and POINTS DEFINING the ROUTE

Question 15

In the event of an inadvertent change to the flight plan under IFR what should a PIC do?

Answer 15

REGAIN TRACK as soon as PRACTICABLE and;
ADVISE appropriate ATS UNIT of the following information:
ANY DEVIATION from TRACK;
ANY VARIATION of 5% or MORE of the TRUE airspeed or VARIATION of +/- 0.01 or MORE of the MACH NUMBER given in the flight plan;
A REVISED ETA when the estimated ETA to the NEXT REPORTING POINT notified to ATS is found to be in ERROR by MORE than 2 MINUTES

Question 16

In the event of an emergency when an aircraft is carrying dangerous goods what must the PIC and operator do?

Answer 16

INFORM the appropriate ATS UNIT of the INFORMATION referred to in 92.173 regarding the DANGEROUS GOODS as soon as PRACTICABLE

Question 17

When an instrument approach procedure to an aerodrome is necessary, what must the PIC operating under IFR do?

Answer 17

Use a STANDARD INSTRUMENT APPROACH processing for the aerodrome PUBLISHED in the applicable AIP

Question 18

Where a DA/DH/MDA is applicable, when can the PIC operate the aircraft at any aerodrome below MDA or continue the instrument approach procedure below the DA or DH?

Answer 18

The aircraft is CONTINUOUSLY in a position FROM which DESCENT to LANDING on the INTENDED RUNWAY can be made at a NORMAL RATE of DESCENT using NORMAL MANOEUVRES that allows TOUCHDOWN to OCCUR within the TOUCHDOWN ZONE of the the INTENDED LANDING RUNWAY and;
The flight VISIBILITY is NOT LESS than the VISIBILITY PUBLISHED in the applicable AIP for INSTRUMENT APPROACH procedure being used and;
EXCEPT for a CATEGORY II and CATEGORY III PRECISION APPROACH procedure PUBLISHED in the applicable AIP for the aerodrome that INCLUDES any necessary VISUAL REFERENCE requirements, AT LEAST 1 is DISTINCTIVELY VISIBLE and IDENTIFIABLE to the pilot

Question 19

What are the appropriate visual references that can be used for an operation below DA/DH/MDA?

Answer 19

APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM;
THRESHOLD MARKINGS;
THRESHOLD LIGHTS;
RUNWAY END IDENTIFICATION LIGHTS;
VISUAL APPROACH SLOPE INDICATOR;
TOUCHDOWN ZONE;
TOUCHDOWN ZONE MARKINGS;
TOUCHDOWN ZONE LIGHTS;
RUNWAY;
RUNWAY MARKINGS;
RUNWAY LIGHTS

Question 20

When must a PIC not land an AIP published instrument approach procedure?

Answer 20

When the FLIGHT VISIBILITY is LESS than the VISIBILITY PUBLISHED in the applicable AIP

Question 21

When must a PIC immediately execute the missed approach procedure?

Answer 21

An IDENTIFIABLE part of the aerodrome is not DISTINCTIVELY VISIBLE to the pilot DURING a CIRCLING MANOEUVRE AT or ABOVE MDA, UNLESS the INABILITY to SEE an identifiable part of the aerodrome RESULTS only FROM NORMAL MANOEUVRING during approach;
When the REQUIREMENTS to OPERATE BELOW DA/DH/MDA are NOT MET when:
The aircraft is OPERATING below MDA OR;
Upon arrival AT the MISSED APPROACH point, including a DA or DH where a DA or DH is SPECIFIED and it’s use is REQUIRED, and ANY time after that UNTIL TOUCHDOWN

Question 22

When can a PIC take off from an aerodrome under IFR?

Answer 22

The WEATHER CONDITIONS are:
AT or ABOVE the weather MINIMA for IFR takeoff published in the APPLICABLE AIP for the aerodrome OR;
If weather MINIMA for IFR takeoff is NOT PUBLISHED in the applicable AIP, a CEILING of 300ft and MORE THAN 1500m VISIBILITY

Question 23

When can the PIC takeoff under IFR with a minima of zero cloud ceiling and a visibility at or above 800ft?

Answer 23

The RUNWAY to be used has CENTRE-LINE MARKING or CENTRE-LINE LIGHTING AND;
The takeoff weather VISIBILITY is CONFIRMED by PIC by OBSERVING the RUNWAY CENTRE-LINE LIGHTING AND;
REDUCED takeoff MINIMA on the runway to be used are PUBLISHED in APPLICABLE AIP AND;
OBSTACLES in the takeoff PATH are taken into ACCOUNT AND;
If a 2 ENGINE PROPELLER-DRIVEN aircraft, it is EQUIPPED with OPERATIVE AUTO-FEATHER or AUTO-COARSE system

Question 24

When can a PIC not operate under IFR in regards to icing?

What are the exceptions while in flight?

Answer 24

If the aircraft has SNOW, ICE or FROST adhering to any:
PROPELLER, WINDSCREEN, POWER PLANT installation, WINGS, STABILISERS, CONTROL SURFACES or to AIRSPEED, ALTIMETER, RATE OF CLIMB or FLIGHT ATTITUDE instrument system AND;
When flying an aircraft into KNOWN ICING conditions UNLESS the aircraft is CERTIFIED with ICE PROTECTION FOR flight in the TYPE of ICING

Question 25

When may a PIC perform a takeoff in an aircraft that has snow, ice or frost adhering to the aircraft?

Answer 25

It is performed in ACCORDANCE with the FLIGHT MANUAL or INSTRUCTIONS and DATA provided by the MANUFACTURER

Question 26

When can the restrictions around icing be removed?

Answer 26

If the WEATHER REPORTS and BRIEFING information IMMEDIATELY prior to the flight indicate to the PIC that the FORECAST ICING that would have PROHIBITED the flight will NOT be ENCOUNTERED during the flight due to CHANGE in weather conditions

Question 27

Except for takeoff and landing what altitudes must a PIC operating under IFR not go below?

Answer 27

The APPLICABLE MINIMUM ALTITUDE published in the APPLICABLE AIP OR; If an APPLICABLE MINIMUM is NOT PUBLISHED: For operations over MOUNTAINOUS zone under part 71 or applicable AIP a HEIGHT of 2000ft ABOVE the HIGHEST OBSTACLE within a HORIZONTAL RADIUS of 5nm from aircraft OR; A HEIGHT of 1000ft ABOVE the HIGHEST OBSTACLE within a HORIZONTAL RADIUS of 5nm from aircraft

Question 28

When a PIC is operating under IFR within the NZFIR what cruising levels/altitudes must they maintain below 13000ft?

Answer 28

On MAGNETIC TRACK of 270 to 089 any ODD thousand foot altitude AMSL; On MAGNETIC TRACK of 090 to 269 any EVEN thousand foot altitude AMSL

Question 29

When a PIC is operating under IFR within the NZFIR what cruising levels/altitudes must they maintain at or above flight level 150 up to and including flight level 410?

Answer 29

On a MAGNETIC TRACK of 270 to 089 any ODD flight level beginning and including flight level 150; On a MAGNETIC TRACK of 090 to 269 any EVEN flight level beginning and including flight level 160;

Question 30

When a PIC is operating under IFR within the NZFIR what cruising levels/altitudes must they maintain above flight level 410?

Answer 30

On a MAGNETIC TRACK of 270 to 089 any ODD flight level at 4000ft INTERVALS beginning at and including flight level 450; On a MAGNETIC TRACK of 090 to 269 any EVEN flight level at 4000ft INTERVALS beginning at and including flight level 430

Question 31

When a PIC is operating under IFR within the NZFIR what cruising levels must they not maintain?

Answer 31

ANY level BETWEEN 13000ft AMSL and flight level 150, UNLESS AUTHORISED by ATC in CONTROLLED AIRSPACE AND; ANY flight level BELOW 160 when AREA QNH zone SETTING 980hPa or LESS AND; BELOW flight level 160 in IMC within a 20nm RADIUS encompassing MT COOK

Question 32

When may a PIC operating under IFR within the NZFIR outside controlled airspace maintain level cruise between 13000ft AMSL and flight level 150?

Answer 32

When they are UNABLE to OPERATE AT or BELOW 13000ft or AT or ABOVE flight level 150 AND; Has ESTABLISHED there is NO CONFLICT with other aircraft AT the ALTITUDE to be FLOWN AND; Has given to RELEVANT ATS UNIT PRIOR NOTIFICATION of the ALTITUDE to be FLOWN

Question 33

In regards to radio communications, what must a PIC operating under IFR ensure is completed?

Answer 33

Maintain a CONTINUOUS LISTENING WATCH on appropriate frequency and; Report as soon as possible to APPROPRIATE ATS unit the TIME and ALTITUDE of passing each DESIGNATED REPORTING POINT or the TIMES specified by ATC and ANY other INFORMATION relating to SAFETY of the flight

Question 34

When does a PIC operating under IFR not have to report to ATC at every reporting point?

Answer 34

When the aircraft is under RADAR CONTROL, UNLESS specifically REQUESTED by ATC

Question 35

What must a PIC do when operating under IFR with a radio communications failure in VMC?

Answer 35

CONTINUE the flight UNDER VFR and LAND as soon as practicable at NEAREST suitable AERODROME

Question 36

What must a PIC do when operating under IFR with a radio communications failure in IMC or deteriorating VMC during departure, departure in the course of ATC radar vectoring, and en route respectively?

Answer 36

MAINTAIN the LAST ASSIGNED LEVEL to the point SPECIFIED, then continue in ACCORDANCE with the FLIGHT PLAN; MAINTAIN the LAST ASSIGNED VECTOR for 2 MINUTES while maintaining TERRAIN CLEARANCE, then continue in ACCORDANCE with the FLIGHT PLAN; Track to the DESTINATION AID or FIX for the ANTICIPATED instrument APPROACH at the LAST ASSIGNED LEVEL and if necessary AT or AFTER the ETA or expected APPROACH TIME, DESCEND in the HOLDING PATTERN then COMMENCE the instrument APPROACH

Question 37

What must a PIC do when operating under IFR with a radio communications failure in IMC or deteriorating VMC during the initial approach when not cleared by ATC, or initial or intermediate approach under ATC radar vectoring respectively?

Answer 37

CONTINUE the procedure, if necessary, DESCENDING into the HOLDING PATTERN to the LAST ASSIGNED ALTITUDE and MAINTAINING that ALTITUDE until ESTABLISHED on FINAL approach, the CONTINUE instrument APPROACH; MAINTAIN the LAST ASSIGNED ALTITUDE until the aircraft is ESTABLISHED on FINAL approach then CONTINUE the instrument APPROACH

Question 38

What must a PIC do when operating under IFR with a radio communications failure in IMC or deteriorating VMC when aircraft is in holding pattern and weather is below instrument approach minima/aerodrome is closed, or in the missed approach procedure respectively?

Answer 38

CONTINUE in the HOLDING PATTERN until the DIVERT TIME notified to ATC and FLY to ALTERNATE specified in FLIGHT PLAN and CONDUCT INSTRUMENT APPROACH to land at ALTERNATE; CONDUCT instrument APPROACHES up to a PERIOD of 30 MINUTES PAST EXPECTED approach TIME or ETA, whichever is LATER and if UNABLE to LAND within 30 MINUTE, proceed to ALTERNATE specified in FLIGHT PLAN CONDUCT INSTRUMENT APPROACH to land at ALTERNATE

Question 39

What information must the PIC provide to ATS when experiencing a malfunction of any aeronautical telecommunication facility during flight?

Answer 39

``` Aircraft TYPE; Aircraft REGISTRATION (if applicable FLIGHT NUMBER); Name of PIC; Name of OPERATOR; Aircraft POSITION and ALTITUDE; PHASE of FLIGHT; FACILITY AFFECTED; Brief DETAILS of MALFUNCTION; EFFECT on the FLIGHT ```