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SBI3U > Bacteria (DOLT) > Flashcards

Bacteria (DOLT) Flashcards

1
Q

prokaryote or eukaryote

A

prokaryote

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2
Q

ways to classify

A

staining, shape and grouping, oxygen requirements

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3
Q

staining classification

A

used to make bacteria easier to see under microscope

Gram stain is the most common type of stain

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4
Q

Gram stain

A 
2 stains: 
1. deep violet (applied first)
2. red (applied after rinsing process- second stain)
makes cell walls more visible
two classifications
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5
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

retain violet colouring
thick cell walls
usually dormant spores in unfavourable conditions
can produce a toxin when reproducing- leads to sepsis and blood poisoning

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6
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

lose violet colouring during rinsing process

thinner cell walls

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7
Q

classification based on shape and grouping

A 
3 basic shapes: 
1. coccus
2. bacillus
3. spirullum
basic arrangements of coccus and bacillus:
1. diplo
2. strepto
3. staphylo
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8
Q

coccus shape

A

spherical or oval

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9
Q

bacillus shape

A

rod shapped

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10
Q

spirullum shape

A

spiral shape (usually solitary)

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11
Q

diplo arrangement

A

paired

group of 2

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12
Q

strpto arrangement

A

long chain

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13
Q

stphylo arrangement

A

grape-like cluster

bacillus not defined in this arrangement

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14
Q

classification based on oxygen requirements

A

most are aerobic

some are faculative anaerobic or obligate anaerobic

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15
Q

autotrophic or heterotrophic

A

heterotrophic

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16
Q

faculative anaerobic

A

grow better without oxygen but can survive with it

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17
Q

aerobic

A

rely on environment containing oxygen

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18
Q

obligate anaerobic

A

cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

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19
Q

repreoduction

A

most use binary fission
grow larger and larger until single chromosome is duplicated and divides into two cells
can reproduce every 20 minutes

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20
Q

conjugation

A

genetic material is exchanged between 2 bacteria cells

involves pili and plasmids

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21
Q

conjugation process

A
  1. donor cell and recipient cell connect a pilus to form a tube
  2. double stranded plasmid from donor cell seperates
  3. one strand of plasmid from donor cell enters recipient cell and remains in donor cell
  4. DNA replicates to create double stranded plasmids in both cells
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22
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

genes from plasmid integrated into chromosome

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23
Q

coming into contact with harmful bacteria

A

through improper handling or under-cooked food

24
Q

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A

found in intestines of some mammals (including humans)
synthesizes vitamin K and controlling other disease causing bacteria
some types can infect humans
found in contaminated water, under-cooked ground meat and unwashed produce

25
Q

Symptoms of E. coli

A

nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
symptoms show 2-5 days after exposure and can last for weeks
severe cases can cause kidney failure and death
young, elderly, and people who have compromised immune systems are more likely to develop serious cases

26
Q

“hamburger disease”

A

nickname of E. coli because of its association with round meat

27
Q

outbreak of E. coli

A

2002
Walkerton, ON
2,500 people infected
7 deaths

28
Q

Salmonela

A

found in raw or under-cooked chicken, eggs, and some dairy

29
Q

preventing salmonela

A

separate meat cutting board

washing hands and anything that comes into contact with raw meat

30
Q

symptoms of salmonela

A

diarrhea, stomach pain, chills, nausea, headaches
appear 6-24 hours after exposure
lasts 1-2 days

31
Q

Staphylococus

A

found on human skin

spread through improper hand washing

32
Q

symptoms of staphylococcus

A

nausea, diarrhea, vomiting
symptoms show 1-6 hours after exposure
risk of severe dehydration

33
Q

Listeria

A

found in processed meat and dairy products

reproduces slowly in fridge

34
Q

symptoms of listeria

A

similar to other kinds of food poisoning
serious cases can cause miscarriages or meningitis
symptoms appear soon after digestion-3 weeks after

35
Q

Clostridium botulism

A

most serious and uncommon form of food poisoning
affects nervous system
common name- botulism
found in improperly canned processed foods in air tight containers

36
Q

symptoms of botulism

A

blurred vision, difficulty speaking, swallowing, and breathing
symptoms appear 4hrs-1 week after ingestion
fatal if not treated immediately

37
Q

necrotizing facscitis

A

medical term for flesh eating bacteria
bacteria infects deep layers of skin and muscle, spreading along fascia
fascia- connective tissue around muscles
not common
spreads very quickly- amputation is sometimes required
can be caused by a type of streptococcus

38
Q

necrotizing

A

dead or dying tissue

39
Q

facscitis

A

inflammation of the fascia

40
Q

tetanus

A

same genus as botulism
soil bacteria
not caused by rust

41
Q

symptoms of tetanus

A

paralysis (often in jaw muscles)

can affect all muscles with spasms that becomes painful

42
Q

uses for bacteria

A

bacteria function as decomposers- break down dead organisms into nutrients other organisms can use
nutrient cycles rely on bacteria
ex. carbon and nitrogen cycle

43
Q

good bacteria in food

A

living cultures of bacteria are used to change milk into yogurt
some brands of yogurt contain living bacteria “pro-biotics” that help the intestines and control harmful bacteria
turning alcohol into vinegar
producing some cheeses, sauerkraut, pickles
recombinant DNA- plasmid of a bacteria cell can be used as vector that transfers DNA
used to treat diabetes and dwarfism

44
Q

treating diabetes

A

human gene for producing insulin incorporated into a plasmid and passes it along during conjugation
binary fission creates a lot of insulin as the insulin gene continues to be passed on

45
Q

controlling bacteria

A

proper handwashing (best way), disinfectants, antiseptics, antibiotics, sulfa drugs

46
Q

disinfectants

A

kill bacteria on non-living surfaces

create an unfavourable environment

47
Q

antiseptics

A

kill bacteria and prevent spread on living tissue

not as strong or toxic as disinfectants

48
Q

antibiotics

A

kill bacteria inside the body
only harm bacteria
works in a number of different ways:
-disabling bacteria’s reproductive mechanisms
-preventing cell wall growth
-preventing bacteria from turning food into energy

49
Q

penicillin

A

first antibiotic ever discovered
discovered in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming
based on mold speck’s on bacteria
purified and accessible to patients in the 1940s
used to treat bacterial infections

50
Q

molds and antibiotics

A

different molds lead to the development of different antibiotics

51
Q

modern antibiotics

A

most are synthetic

slight structural changes are made to improve effectiveness

52
Q

allergic reactions to antibiotics

A

mild-severe
symptoms: itchy, red hives, swelling, coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing
any reaction means the patient can not use the antibiotic again due to risk of next reaction being worse

53
Q

sulfa drugs

A

synthetic
first sulfa drug was a red dye
most work by blocking bacteria from synthesizing folic acid and vitamin B9
bacteria die without vitamin B9
must drink a lot of water with these drugs

54
Q

proper use of antibiotics and sulfa drugs

A 
take exactly as prescribed:
-length of time
-time of day
-number of times a day
-with or without food
-consumption of alcohol
notify doctor of any other medications you are taking and history of allergic reactions to drugs
55
Q

using antibiotics

A

stored in a dark, dry place
some must be refrigerated
don’t take someone else’s
only use them if necessary

SBI3U (37 decks)

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