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Biology Ox > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

gene

A

parts of DNA that carry hereditary information

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2
Q

allele

A

different versions of a gene

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3
Q

dominant

A

shows its specific trait even if only one parent passed the gene to the child

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4
Q

recessive

A

shows its specific trait when both parents pass the gene to the child

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5
Q

genotype

A

hereditary information that contain genetic code

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6
Q

phenotype

A

expressed traits

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7
Q

homozygous

A

two of the same form of a gene –> same alleles (AA or aa)

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8
Q

heterozygous

A

two different forms of one gene –> different alles (Aa or AB)

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9
Q

genome

A

entire genetic material

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10
Q

evolution

A

change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time through a process of natural selection which may result in the formation of new species

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11
Q

example of evolution through natural selection

A

antibiotic resistant bacteria

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12
Q

causes of variation (genetical)

A
  • mutation
  • recombination –> sexual reproduction
  • crossing over through mitosis
  • migration
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13
Q

migration

A

any form of the introduction of genes from one population to another –> different allele frequencies

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14
Q

causes of variation (environmental)

A
  • climate
  • diet
  • accidents

Exp: flower colour in hydrangeas (these plants produce blue flowers in acidic soil and pink flowers in alkaline soil)

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15
Q

continuous variation

A

characteristic that changes gradually over a range of values shows continuous variation –> height

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16
Q

discontinuous variation

A

characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values shows discontinuous variation –> blood group

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17
Q

selective breeding

A

humans breed particular animals/plants for particular genetic characteristics

18
Q

procedure of selective breeding

A

decide on characteristics
choose parents that best show characteristics
choose offspring that best shows characteristics

19
Q

risks of selective breeding

A

reduced genetic variation –> species prone to certain diseases

rare disease genes accidentally selected

physical problems due to not being formed correctly

20
Q

procedure of genetic engineering

A

selection of characteristics
isolation of responsible gene
insertion into other organism
replication of transgenic organism

21
Q

transgenic organism/ GMO

A

genetically modified organism

an organism that carries a gene from another organism

22
Q

isolation

A

restriction enzymes

isolation of mRNA –> reverse transcriptase produces single strand of complementary DNA

23
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA of the Plasmid that combined with the DNA of the host

24
Q

somatic cell

A

body cell

25
Q

codominant

A

genes that have alleles that are equally dominant

–> both expressed equally in the phenotype

26
Q

polygenic characteristics

A

characteristics controlled by more than just one gene

27
Q

monohybrid inheritance

A

inheritance of characteristics inherited only by a single gene
–> refers to the process of crossing rather than a theoretical crossing with the exact ratio outcomes

28
Q

pure breeding

A

individuals are homozygous for that gene

29
Q

cross

A

Kreuzen

30
Q

does a pedigree chart show the phenotypes or genotypes?

A

phenotypes

31
Q

autosomal

A

not affecting the sex chromosomes

32
Q

dominant allele

A

capital letter ; Allele that is phenotypically expressed over another allele

33
Q

recessive allele

A

Allele that is only expressed in absence of a dominant allele ; lower case letter

34
Q

What has to be excluded from a calculation concerning the ratio of offsprings having certain alleles?

A

dead offsprings

35
Q

can a mutation result in getting a genetic condition?

A

YES

36
Q

What can you assume when the disease skips no generations?

A

dominant

37
Q

Can males who are affected by a X-linked disease give the disease to their sons?

A

No, because they give the sons the Y chromosome

38
Q

What are the five key properties of the genetic code#ß

A

1) universal –> same code used across all species
2) composed of nucleotide triplets
3) unambiguous (eindeutig) –> same codon encodes from same amino acid/ start/ stop
4) non-overlapping –> each nucleotide part of one codon
5) degenerate –> several codons can encode for the same amino acids

39
Q

What kind of disorder are sex-linked recessive disorders?

Who definitely has the disorder?

A

X-linked –> each male has disorder

40
Q

Can men of a sex-linked recessive disorder that is lethal at birth be carriers?

A

No, if they have the malicious X chromosome, they die and won’t reproduce

41
Q

Where does mitochondrial DNA come from?

A

inherited from the mother

42
Q

Who can get an X-linked recessive disease?

A

only men because they have only one x

Biology Ox (15 decks)

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