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Physiology > Week 11 Summary > Flashcards

Week 11 Summary Flashcards

1
Q

Major roles of the urinary system

A

altering blood composition, pH, volume & pressure, producing and excreting urine and producing hormones

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2
Q

Function of the kidneys

A

regulate blood pressure, RBC production, water and electrolyte balance, excretion of wastes, production of hormones

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3
Q

Size of the kidney

A

10-12cm

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4
Q

Three layers of tissue surrounding kidneys

A

Deep layer - renal capsule, Middle layer - Adipose capsule, Outer layer - Renal fascia

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5
Q

Functions of the layers of tissue surrounding the kidney

A

maintains shape, structure, protection, anchors to surrounding structures

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6
Q

Internal kidney anatomy - two distinct regions :

A

renal cortex = superficial light red region & renal medulla = inner region - dark reddish brown

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7
Q

Parenchyma

A

Renal cortex and renal pyramids make up the the parenchyma which is the function region of the kidneys

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8
Q

Renal blood flow per minute

A

1200ml

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9
Q

Arcurate arteries

A

arteries between the renal cortex and medulla branching from interlobular arteries

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10
Q

Interlobular arteries

A

Branch from segmental artery passing through the renal collums

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11
Q

Cortical radiate arteries

A

divide off of the arcurate arteries and enter renal cortex where they give of branches to afferent arterioles

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12
Q

main two parts of a nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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13
Q

What is the function of the renal corpuscle

A

Blood plasma is filtered

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14
Q

Two components of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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15
Q

renal tubule consists of

A

proximal convoluted tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule

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16
Q

the distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a single

A

collecting duct

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17
Q

role of the collecting duct

A

drain urine from the nephrons

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18
Q

How much fluid is enters bowman’s capsule as filtrate?

A

16-20% 150-180L

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19
Q

How much urine is produced daily?

A

Only about 1% of the filtrate is excreted as urine, 1-2L

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20
Q

Components of the filtration membrane

A

Glomerular endothelial cells, basal lamina, podocytes, filtration slits

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21
Q

Glomerular endothelial cells

A

Are leaky due to large fenestration’s that permit solutes in plasma to exit, and prevent blood cells and platelets

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22
Q

Basal lamina

A

layer of acellular material between endothelium and podocytes prevents filtration of larger negatively charged plasma proteins

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23
Q

Podocytes

A

Extending from podocytes are footlike processes called pedicels

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24
Q

Filtration slits/membrane

A

Spaces between the pedicels have a thin membrane, permitting the filtration of small molecule like water, urea, ammonia, vitamins, etc

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25
Q

GFR

A

Glomerular filtration rate

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26
Q

Pressure promoting Glomerular filtration

A

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure - GBHP

27
Q

Pressures opposing glomerular filtration

A

Capsular hydrostatic pressure - CHP, Blood colloid osmotic pressure - BCOP

28
Q

Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries - 55mmHg

29
Q

Capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure against the filtration membrane by fluid in the capsular space and tubule - 15mmHg

30
Q

Blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

pressure due to presence of proteins in blood plasma in the capillaries - 30mmHg

31
Q

How to calculate Net filtration pressure

A

NFP = 55mmHg - 15mmHg - 30mmHg = 10mmHg

32
Q

Average GFR

A

125ml/min

33
Q

Renal auto regulation of GFR

A

The myogenic mechanism counteracts increased blood pressure by causing the afferent and efferent arterioles to constrict or dilate to control blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries

34
Q

How much of water in filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

35
Q

How much of sodium in filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99.5%

36
Q

how much of glucose in filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

100%

37
Q

how much of urea in filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

44%

38
Q

What drives most reabsorption?

A

The re-absorption of Na+ drives the re-absorption of other solutes by creating an electrochemical gradient

39
Q

What causes osmosis in the re-bsorption process?

A

Re-absorption of solutes creates and osmotic gradient driving water to move by osmosis

40
Q

Where does most re-absorption occur?

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule - 65% of Na+ and H2O absorbed here and 50% of CL-, all nutrients reclaimed

41
Q

Osmolarity at the end of the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

300mOsm

42
Q

Loop of henle reabsoprtion

A

Descending limb reabsorbs water only, ascending limb reabsorbs solute only

43
Q

osmolarity of filtrate in loop of henle

A

100mOsm (hypo-osmotic)

44
Q

Osmolarity of interstitial fluid is

A

Hyperosmotic - up to 1200mOsm

45
Q

Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct reabsorption

A

Most reabsorption in this area is driven by the body’s needs and is regulated by hormones

46
Q

Hormones that regulate re-absorption

A

Anti diuretic hormone and aldosterone

47
Q

What is the function of Antidiuretic hormone?

A

Increase water re-absorption at collecting ducts by increasing the number of aquaporins, increasing the solute concentration of urine

48
Q

In the absence of ADH, the collecting duct is

A

impermeable to H2O

49
Q

In the presence of ADH, the collecting duct is

A

permeable to water

50
Q

Stimulus for ADH secretion

A

Increased plasma osmolarity, mionitored by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

51
Q

If blood osmoloarity exceeds 300mOsm

A

Osmoreceptors trigger the posterior pituitary to secrete ADH

52
Q

What happens during dehydration?

A

ECF loses H2O, ECF osmotic pressure rises, ICF cells lose H2O by osmosis and shrink

53
Q

What happens during over hydration?

A

Excess H2O in ECF, ECF osmotic pressure falls, H2O moves into cells by osmosis causing them to swell

54
Q

Renal response to overhydration

A

If plasmafalls below 300mOsm, osmoreceptors reduce ADH released from the posterior pituitary, results in increased plasma osmolarity and dilute urine

55
Q

Sphincters of the urinary bladder

A

Internal sphincter (involuntary smooth muscle), external sphincter (voluntary skeletal msucle)

56
Q

Bladder feels full at

A

400ml

57
Q

bladder can hold up to

A

800-1000ml

58
Q

Steps to urination

A

distension/stretch activates receptors sending messages to the spinal cord, spinal cord send message back to contract detrusor muscle, internal sphincter opens, external sphincter opens

59
Q

At what age is the brain developed enough to learn voluntary control of the external sphincter

A

2-3 years

60
Q

If short term regulation of BP fails

A

Kidneys alter vascular resistance and blood volume

61
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

drop in BP causes kidneys to secrete renin, renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, ACE converts it to angiotensin II

62
Q

How does angiotensin II alter BP?

A

vascoconstriction, increase thirst to increase blood volume, increasing ADH and water reabsorption, thereby increasing pressure

63
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to

A

Secrete aldosterone

64
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Act of distal tubule to increase Na+ and H2O reabsorption - via increased Na+-K+ pumps

Physiology (13 decks)

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