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PSYC106 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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2
Q

What is a Theory?

A

A theory is a general set of principles proposed to explain how a number of separate factors are related.

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3
Q

What is developmental psychology?

A

Developmental psychology is the study of continuity and change across the lifespan.

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4
Q

What are the Domains of Development?

A

Physical, Cognitive, Psychosocial.

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5
Q

What does development include?

A

Growth, Stability, Decline.

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6
Q

What are the Four Goals of Developmental Psychology?

A

Describe, Explain, Predict, Modify/influence.

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7
Q

What are the Major issues in Development?

A

Nature and nurture, Critical periods and plasticity, Continuity and discontinuity, Universality and specificity.

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8
Q

What is Nature?

A

The influence on development of heredity

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9
Q

What is Nurture?

A

The influence on development of the environment

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10
Q

What are the three critical periods in development of Schizophrenia?

A

Conception, Early development, later development.

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11
Q

What percentage of the population does Schizophrenia affect?

A

1%

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12
Q

What is Cognition?

A

Mental processes of learning, perception, recognition, memory and comprehension that allow one to successfully interact with the environment.

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13
Q

What are the stages of Prenatal development?

A

Germinal (0-2 weeks), Embryonic (3-8 weeks), Fetal (week 9-birth)

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14
Q

What happens during the Embryonic stage?

A

Cell division, Major organs begin to form, Heart begin to beat, blood is circulated.

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15
Q

What happens during the Fetal stage (Week 9-birth)?

A

Growth of the fetus, development of fully differentiated organs and tissue, the foetus is less susceptible to toxins

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16
Q

What happens during Prenatal behaviour?

A

Newborns can remember prenatal stimuli and react accordingly, response to sounds and vibrations appear as early as Week 25.

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17
Q

What happens during Later Prenatal Development?

A

Nuerons begin to fire, eyes open and close, head can move towards light.

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18
Q

What are Teratogens?

A

Any substance that causes abnormality following fetal exposure during pregnancy

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19
Q

What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

A

A group of abnormalities in a baby, whose mother has consumed alcohol during pregnancy.

20
Q

What are Critical periods in development?

A

When a particular part of the body is most easily influenced or vulnerable

21
Q

What are sensitive periods?

A

Opportuinites for certain types of learning

22
Q

What are the five reflexes in development?

A

Suck, Moro, Babinskis, walking, Grasp.

23
Q

What Did Jean Piaget (1896-1980) focus on?

A

Focused on observation of babies interacting with their environment.

24
Q

What was Piagets theory on Cognitive Development?

A

Children’s reasoning and understanding emerge natually in stages.

25
Q

What is Piagets four stages of Cognitive Development?

A

Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational.

26
Q

What happens in the Sensorimotor stage?

A

Newborns develop a conceptual understanding of objects.

27
Q

What is intercessory integration?

A

The need to integrate the sensual experiences

28
Q

What is Object permanence?

A

Objects continue to exist when they are not there?

29
Q

What can children do at the Pre-Operational Stage?

A

Plan, Recall past experiences, Execute multiple step behaviours, Use Symbols

30
Q

What is conservation?

A

Ability to understand that a quantity will remain the same despite adjustment to the quantity’s form.

31
Q

What is Centration

A

Tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.

32
Q

What happens during the Concrete stage of development?

A

increased problem solving, increased perspective taking, increased domain knowledge

33
Q

What is Decenter?

A

To think simultaneously about several aspects

34
Q

what are Reversible relationships?

A

The process that causes a change can be reversed.

35
Q

What happens during Piagets stage of Formal Operations?

A

Abstract though, Metacognition, Scientific problem solving.

36
Q

What were some of the criticisms Piaget received from his Theory?

A

Underestimated the development of young children, some children develop object-performance earlier than Piaget thought, Pre-Operational children may be less egocentric than Piaget believed, individual differences suggest that children of similar ages will cary widely across stages.

37
Q

What is Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory?

A

Human learning is a social process and social interaction plays a fundamental tole in the development of cognition, therefore learning is culturally meditated.

38
Q

What is Vygotskys Meditational Model of Cognitive Development?

A

IV: individual
DV: Learning
M (Mediator): Culture

39
Q

What does MKO stand for? And what does it Mean?

A

More Knowledgeable Other. Someone who has a higher ability level than the learner

40
Q

What is Zone of Proximal Development?

A

Difference between what a child can achieve independently and what they can achieve with MKO

41
Q

What are the two forms of Adolescent Egocentrism?

A

Imaginary audience and personal fable.

42
Q

What declines in Adulthood?

A

Subcortical connections of pre frontal cortex-controlled processing, Working memory, Episodic memory, Retrieval of information.

43
Q

What is Fluid Intelligence?

A

The ability to solve problems, figure out what to do when one is not sure what to do, and acquire

44
Q

What is Crystallized intelligence?

A

The use of acquired skills and knowledge, Accumulated information and verbal skills.

45
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Based on samples studied over time

46
Q

What is Cross-sectional Research?

A

Make comparisons at a single point in time, based on groups of children from different ages.

PSYC106 (6 decks)

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