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LECOM MS1 Embryology > Development of GI System (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Development of GI System (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the vitelline duct

A

maintains continuity between the yolk sac and primitive gut tube

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2
Q

What layers contribute to the gut tube

A

all 3 germ layers

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3
Q

What does the endoderm contribute to the gut tube

A

endothelial lining from pharynx to upper anal canal

epithelium of all evagination: accessory GI organs

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4
Q

What does the mesoderm contribute to the gut tube

A

CT and smooth muscle

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5
Q

What does the ectoderm contribute to the gut tube

A

epithelium at rostral and caudal ends of tube

neural crest (neuroectoderm) contributes to ganglia

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6
Q

What parts of the yolk sac remain outside the embryo

A

allantois and remaining yolk sac

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7
Q

What provides communication between gut and yolk sac

A

vitelline duct

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8
Q

What is the stomodeum

A

primitive oral cavity

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9
Q

What is the proctodeum

A

dimple over the cloak that indicates where the anus will form

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10
Q

What are the 3 portions of the gut tube

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

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11
Q

Where is the foregut

A

buccopharyngeal membrane to 2nd part of duodenum

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12
Q

Where is the midgut

A

3rd part of duodenum to 2/3 transverse colon

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13
Q

Where is the hindgut

A

lower 1/3 of transverse colon to cloacal membrane

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14
Q

What artery supplies the foregut

A

celiac artery

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15
Q

What artery supplies the midgut

A

superior mesenteric

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16
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut

A

inferior mesenteric

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17
Q

How will the respiratory system develop

A

respiratory diverticulum appears in the ventral wall of the esophagus

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18
Q

What partitions the esophagus and respiratory primordium

A

tracheosophageal septum

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19
Q

What are the common esophageal anomalies

A

proximal blind end with distal fistula

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20
Q

What will a fistula in the esophagus result in

A

respiratory infections and choking

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21
Q

What will a blind end pouch result in

A

vomiting and failure to thrive

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22
Q

What produces stomach curvatures

A

differential growth

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23
Q

What are the rotations of the stomach

A

90 degrees in axial plain

45 degrees in caudal plane

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24
Q

What occurs to the vagal trunks with rotation

A

once left and right

now anterior and posterior

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25
Q

How is the stomach innervated

A

vagus

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26
Q

What is the greater omentum derived from

A

folds of dorsal mesentery

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27
Q

Where is the greater omentum found

A

hanging off greater curvature and posterior wall

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28
Q

What rotation form greater omentum

A

longitudinal rotation

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29
Q

What is the lesser omentum derived from

A

ventral mesentery

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30
Q

What does the duodenum arise form

A

caudal end of foregut and rostral end of midgut

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31
Q

What occurs to the duodenum as the stomach rotates

A

pulls duodenum superiorly and to the right, results in C-shaped duodenum

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32
Q

What occurs to the duodenum in the 2nd month

A

obliterated, but then recanalyzed by apoptosis

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33
Q

If the duodenum is not recanalyzed what occurs

A

duodenal atresia

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34
Q

What is characteristic on X-ray of duodenal atresia

A

double bubble

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35
Q

What are signs and symptoms of duodenal atresia

A

bilious vomiting

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36
Q

What organs will originate as outgrowths of duodenum

A

pancreas
liver
gallbladder

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37
Q

What part of the duodenum gives rise to pancreas, liver, gallbladder

A

part 2

38
Q

How does the liver form

A

bud grows out into ventral mesentery and penetrates septum transversum

39
Q

What does endoderm contribute to in the liver

A

parenchyma and lining the biliary ducts

40
Q

What does mesoderm contribute to in the liver

A

hematopoietic, Kupffer cells, and CT

41
Q

How does the gallbladder form

A

cystic duct develop as ventral outgrowths from bile ducts

42
Q

What occurs to the ducts of the pancreas during develop

A

solidify and recanalize

43
Q

How does the pancreas from

A

in two parts-ventral and dorsal

differential growth leads to fusion of buds (ventral swings to dorsal)

44
Q

Most of the pancreas substance comes from what bud

A

dorsal bud

45
Q

Most of the pancreatic ducts come from what bud

A

ventral

46
Q

What does the ventral bud of the pancreas contribute to

A

uncinate process

47
Q

Where does the secreting cells of pancreas come from

A

endoderm

48
Q

Where do the CT of pancreas come from

A

mesoderm

49
Q

Where does the main pancreatic duct form from

A

distal part of dorsal pancreatic duct and entire ventral pancreatic duct

50
Q

Where does the accessory duct of pancreas come from

A

proximal part of dorsal bud

51
Q

Where does the accessory duct of pancreas open into

A

superior to main duct

52
Q

What is annular pancreas

A

malrotation of the ventral pancreatic bud: rotates anteriorly or not at al

53
Q

What does annular pancreas result in

A

duodenum encircled and causes stenosi

54
Q

What are symptoms of annular pancreas

A

non bilious vomiting

55
Q

What defect results in bilious vomiting

A

duodenal atresia

56
Q

What defect results in non-bilious vomiting

A

annular pancreas

57
Q

How is the primary intestinal loop formed

A

rapid growth of gut tube and mesentery

58
Q

How will the midgut obtain anatomical position

A

due to differential growth, midgut herniates through umbilical ring

59
Q

What occurs as the midgut herniates

A

90 degrees of counterclockwise rotation

60
Q

How long does the midgut remain outside the body

A

1 month

61
Q

What occurs as the midgut returns to the body

A

180 degrees of counterclockwise rotation

62
Q

What part of the midgut returns first after physiological herniation

A

jejunum

63
Q

What part of midgut returns last after physiological herniation

A

cecal bud

64
Q

What is formed after the midgut returns to the abdomen

A

appendix is formed

65
Q

What causes Meckel’s diverticulum

A

persistence of vitelline duct leads to outpouching

66
Q

What are the rule of 2’s for Meckel’s diverticulum

A 
2% of population
presenting age 2 y/o
2'' long
occurs 2' from ileocecal valve
2x more common in males
find 2 types of ectopic tissue (gastric pancreatic)
67
Q

What are the different types of vitelline duct abnormalities

A

Meckel’s diverticulum
Vitelline cyst
Vitelline fistula

68
Q

What is umbilical hernia

A

protrusion of abdominal contents into the umbilicus; usually due to weakness in the wall

69
Q

What is the cloaca

A

common opening for excretory, digestive, and reproductive products

70
Q

What lines the cloaca

A

endoderm

71
Q

What is urorectal septum

A

formed from two folds that serve to divide the cloaca

72
Q

What does the urorectal septum divide the cloaca into

A

recto-anal canal

urogenital sinus

73
Q

What is the cloacal membrane divided into

A

urogenital membrane

anal membrane

74
Q

How is the lower anal canal formed

A

invagination of surface ectoderm

75
Q

What is the pectinate lien

A

dividing line between ectoderm and endoderm

76
Q

What is the anal pit

A

invagination of ectoderm from proctodeum

77
Q

What is an imperforate anus

A

anal membrane fails to break down and nothing can leave anal canal

78
Q

What will result from a persistent cloaca

A

one pouch that collects urine and feces

79
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease

A

improper migration of NCC into the developing hindgut. NCC give rise to ganglia.

80
Q

Wat causes achalasia

A

damage to ganglion cells of the myenteric plexus

81
Q

What results in achalasia

A

dilated esophagus with tonically contracted LES= dysphagia

82
Q

What is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

thickening of pylorus of stomach, obstruction and distention of stomach

projectile vomiting

83
Q

What will result from extra hepatic biliary atresia

A

jaundice occurs shortly after birth, stool is “clay colored” and urine is dark

84
Q

What is the most common anomaly of the pancreas

A

pancreas divisum

85
Q

what occurs in pancreas divisum

A

abnormal development of the pancreatic duct system, accessory duct drains nearly the entire pancreas via the minor papilla

86
Q

What does pancreas divisoum increase one’s risk of

A

pancreatitis

87
Q

What is a choledochal cyst

A

congenital dilation of the common bile duct

88
Q

What is choledochal cyst associated with

A

increased stone formation

89
Q

What are symptoms of esophageal atresia

A

vomiting of uncurdled milk

90
Q

What are symptoms of gastric atresia

A

vomiting of curdled milk

91
Q

What are symptoms of duodenal atresia

A

vomit containing bile

LECOM MS1 Embryology (19 decks)

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