9.2 Human Performance + 9.3 Responsibility

Question 1

Describe the cornea and its function.

Answer 1

Clear window at the front of the eye which allows light to enter. Fixed focusing devices that bends inc light rays.

Responsible for 70-80% of refraction of the eye.

Question 2

What is the coloured part of the eye called?

Answer 2

The Iris

Question 3

How does the Iris control the amount of light entering the eye?

Answer 3

By varying the size of the pupil.

Question 4

What is the dark area at the centre of the eye called?

Answer 4

The Pupil.

Question 5

The amount of light can be adjusted by a factor of…?

Answer 5

5:1

Question 6

Where does light pass through after the pupil?

Answer 6

The lens

Question 7

What muscles in the lens change their shape to adjust the focus level to create a sharp message on the retina?

Answer 7

Ciliary muscles

Question 8

What factors compromise accommodation?

Answer 8

Fatigue
Ageing

Question 9

What is accommodation?

Answer 9

When the ciliary muscles in the lens change their shape to adjust the level of focus, so it can create a sharp image on the retina.

Question 10

Where is the retina located?

Answer 10

On the back of the eyeball.
(Complex layer of nerve cells connected to optic nerve)

Question 11

What are the two type of light sensitive cells?

Answer 11

Cones - Colour sensitive
Rods - peripheral vision

Question 12

When we see something where is the image usually focused?

Answer 12

Central area of retina - Fovea

Question 13

What is the fovea and what does it contain?

Answer 13

A small depression at the centre of the retina that is responsible for central vision.
Contains many cones _ allowing detail to be clearly seen.

Question 14

What are the factors that affect dainty of sight?

Answer 14

Medical conditions:
- hypermetropia ( longsightedness)
- myopia (shortsightedness)
Foreign substances
Environmental factors

Question 15

What are some of the other visual problems?

Answer 15

1. Cataracts
2. Astigmatism
3. Glaucoma
4. Migraine
5. Presbyopia
6. Fatigue

Question 16

What are cataracts?

Answer 16

Cloud hung of the lens usually due to ageing

Question 17

What does astigmatism result in?

Answer 17

A misshapen Correa, which distorts visual perception

Question 18

What is a build up in pressure in the fluid of the eye referred to as?

Answer 18

Glaucoma

Question 19

What is presbyopia?

Answer 19

Loss of lens flexibility with age making it harder to accommodate sufficiently

Question 20

How does smoking affect vision?

Answer 20

Smoking = build up of carbon monoxide in bloodstream which reduces oxygen supply to eyes

Question 21

What do maintenance engineers need good color vision for?

Answer 21

• Recognizing components
• Distinguishing between wires
• Using various diagnostic tools
• Lighting recognition

Question 22

What is color blindness caused by?

Answer 22

A defect in the structure of the color-sensitive cones of the retina.

Question 23

What percentage of men/women experience color vision deficiency?

Answer 23

Men - 8%
Women - 0.5%

Question 24

What usually causes color blindness?

Answer 24

Genetics (hereditary)
Can also occur after serious illness

Question 25

What regulation highlights the eye sight requirements for engineers?

Answer 25

CAP 562 Leaflet H60

Question 26

What are the two functions of the ear?

Answer 26

1. Detecting sounds via vibration in the air 2. Monitoring balance and sensing acceleration

Question 27

What the 3 ear divisions?

Answer 27

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

Question 28

What is the purpose of the outer ear?

Answer 28

To direct sounds along the auditory canal into the eardrum. (Sounds that cause the eardrum to vibrate)

Question 29

What is the purpose of the middle ear?

Answer 29

To transmit vibrations from the eardrum using three small bones, to the fluid of the inner ear.

Question 30

What are the three small bones in the middle ear called?

Answer 30

Ossicles (hammer - anvil - stirrup)

Question 31

What do the two muscles in the middle ear offer protection against?

Answer 31

Sounds above 80db via aural reflex - reduces sound by up to 20db - (only lasts 15 minutes)

Question 32

How does the inner ear process sounds?

Answer 32

Inner ear: - Filled with fluid - Ossicles from middle ear connect to cochlea. - Vibrations detected set of neural impulses - Transmitted to the brain via auditory nerve

Question 33

What does the cochlea contain?

Answer 33

Fine membrane known as the Basilar membrane, which is covered in hairlike cells that react to movement in fluid

Question 34

What influences the size of vibration detected in the cochlea?

Answer 34

Volume and pitch of the sound

Question 35

What is tinnitus?

Answer 35

Permanent ringing in the ears

Question 36

How much does ear plugs/defenders reduce sound by?

Answer 36

Ear plugs - 20db Defenders - 40db

Question 37

What is information processing the process of?

Answer 37

- Receiving info via senses - Analyzing info - Deriving meaning from info - Info storage

Question 38

What is the difference between Iconic Memory and Echoic Memory?

Answer 38

Iconic memory provides a smooth stream of visual information to the brain that can be extracted in the VSTM. Echoic memory registers sound. storing it in memory so it can be processed and understood

Question 39

What are the 4 forms of attention?

Answer 39

- Selective - Divided - Focused - Sustained

Question 40

Define the selective and divided forms of attention?

Answer 40

Selective attention - monitoring several input sources but focusing on the more important source Divided attention - multitasking

Question 41

Define the focused and sustained forms of attention?

Answer 41

Focused attention - single source avoiding distraction Sustained attention - ability to maintain concentration and remain alert over long periods.

Question 42

What is the "process of assembling sensations into a usable mental representation of the world"?

Answer 42

PERCEPTION

Question 43

What are the three memory periods?

Answer 43

- Encoding - Storage - Retrieval

Question 44

What is encoding?

Answer 44

Input of information into memory system

Question 45

What is storage (regarding memory)?

Answer 45

Creation of a permanent record of information that occurs in 3 stages.

Question 46

What are the 3 stages of memory storage?

Answer 46

Sensory memory (1st stage) Short-term memory (2nd stage) Long-term memory (3rd stage)

Question 47

What does sensory memory consist of?

Answer 47

Brief sensory events like sights, sounds and tastes.

Question 48

What is the purpose of short term memory?

Answer 48

Temporary storage (working memory) that takes information from sensory and connects it to something already in long term memory

Question 49

What is long term memory?

Answer 49

A continuous storage of information where storage capacity has no limits. Covering Semantic memory and Episodic memory.

Question 50

What is Claustrophobia?

Answer 50

Fear of enclosed spaces.

Question 51

What is Acrophobia?

Answer 51

Fear of heights.

Question 52

Within aircraft maintenance, who must responsibility be shared between?

Answer 52

All staff members

Question 53

What are flight crews responsible for?

Answer 53

Conducting pre flight checks and reporting aircraft faults to maintenance personnel

Question 54

What is the main advantage of individual responsibility?

Answer 54

That an engineer clearly understands which tasks have been assigned to them. (Strong incentive)

Question 55

What is a disadvantage of group responsibility?

Answer 55

It can act against safety if no one feels personally responsible

Question 56

When does Intergroup conflict happen?

Answer 56

When a small group actscohesively as a gem but rivalries arise between other teams. I.e engineers vs planners

Question 57

What is group polarisation?

Answer 57

When groups make decisions that are more extreme than the individual members initial positions

Question 58

What term describe the tendency for some individuals to work less hard on a task when they believe others are working on it?

Answer 58

Social loafing