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Biology Sem 1 > The Reproductive System > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Flashcards

0
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Sperm production

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1
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The production of gametes ( sex cells)

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2
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

‘Egg’ production

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3
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is where a copy of the cell is made. It has 2 copies of each chromosome and has 46 in total.

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4
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is where the cell effectively splits in two. It has half the number of chromosomes, a total of 23, and has only one copy of each chromosome. It is also broken up into two stages.

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5
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

A

A cell containing 46 chromosomes, called a spermatogonium, goes through a growth phase. It is then named a primary spermatocyte. It then undergoes meiosis 1, and splits into the secondary spermatocyte a containing 23 chromosomes. Then they undergo meiosis two, to produce four spermatids (23 chromosomes), which the mature into sperm.

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6
Q

When do males start producing sperm?

A

At puberty, between the ages of 10 & 14. Several hundred million sperm are produced daily.

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7
Q

Describe the process of oogenesis.

A

A 46 chromosome cell, called the oogonium, undergoes a growth phase. It then is called the primary oocyte. Then it undergoes meiosis 1 and forms into one secondary oocyte and one polar body, both containing 23 chromosomes. If the secondary oocyte is fertilised, then they undergo meiosis 2, where the secondary oocyte turns into one polar body and an ovum and the other polar body splits into two more polar bodies.

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8
Q

Give details about the secondary oocyte, i.e, when it starts forming, ovulation, when it stops forming.

A

Secondary oocyte a start forming at puberty. At this time females begin their menstrual cycles. Typically, females will only ovulate one secondary oocyte each month. Women tend to stop ovulating once they reach menopause.

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9
Q

What is the hormonal trigger of the initial sperm production?

A

A releasing hormone is released from the hypothalamus at puberty which triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete LH and FSH.

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10
Q

What is the role of LH AND FSH in the production of sperm?

A

LH triggers secretion of testosterone

FSH triggers spermatogenesis

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11
Q

What does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen

  • released by the developing Graafian follicle
  • promotes repair and thickening of the uterine lining following a period
  • inhibits any further release of FSH (at low but rising levels)
  • triggers release of LH(at high levels)
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12
Q

What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH

  • secreted by the pituitary gland
  • stimulates new follicle (which will contain secondary oocyte)
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13
Q

What is the contraceptive pill made of?

A

Typically, it contains a combination of synthetic oestrogen and progesterone

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14
Q

What are the stages in sperm production?

A 
Spermatogonium
Growth phase
Primary spermatocyte - meiosis 1
Secondary spermatocyte meiosis 2
Spermatids 
Mature sperm
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15
Q

How does the pill work?

A

Elevated levels of oestrogen and progesterone will inhibit the development and ovulation of a follicle cell.

16
Q

What does LH do in the menstrual cycle

A
  • released by the pituitary gland
  • stimulates ovulation of the secondary oocyte
  • promotes development of the ruptured Graafian follicle into corpus luteum.
17
Q

What is HCG and what is its role in the productive system?

A

A hormone released by the blastocyst. Keeps the corpus luteum active. The hormone pregnancy tests look for.

18
Q

How long is corpus luteum activity maintained after a pregnancy?

A

Through the first trimester. Afterwards, the placenta takes over the role of producing progesterone.

19
Q

How would a spontaneous abortion occur?

A

If progesterone levels drop at any time.

20
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis?

A

Oogonium
Growth phase
Primary oocyte
Meiosis 1 to form secondary oocyte and polar body
Meiosis 2 (only if secondary oocyte is fertilised) to ovum and polar bodies

21
Q

What does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone

  • promotes glandular and vascular development of the uterine lining (in preparation for implantation)
  • inhibits any further secretion of FSH & LH
22
Q

What are the different stages of zygote development?

A 
Ovulation, secondary oocyte 
Fertilised into zygote
Two cell stage
Eight cell stage
Morula
Blastocyst
Early implantation

Biology Sem 1 (5 decks)

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