Flashcards in 9.2.16 Lecture Deck (99)
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1
The cytoskeleton involves a dynamic array of what three interacting filaments?
1. Actin (smallest, 5-7nm diameter)
2. Microtubules (largest, 25 nm diameter)
3. Intermediate filaments (medium, 10 nm diameter)
2
What are the 6 major functions of actin?
1. Dictate cell shape
2. Mediate cell adhesion
3. Polarization
4. Phagocytosis
5. Muscle contraction
6. Cell migration
3
Actin is localized below the ___.
Cell membrane
4
What determine cell shape and surface area?
Cortical actin and actin arrays
5
What are the two types of cell adhesion mediated by actin?
1. Cell-cell, through adherens junctions
2. Cell-matrix through focal contacts
6
Actin arrays partition polarized cells into ___ and ___ compartments.
Apical; basal
7
The ___ is an actin-based structure.
Phagosome
8
Bundles of actin filaments are used by ___ for muscle contraction.
Myosin motors
9
What are the four general instances needing cell migration?
1. Development
2. Wound healing
3. Immune system
4. Cancer metastasis
10
What is the soluble subunit of actin?
Actin monomer
11
Describe the structure of the actin monomer.
Globular, contains ATP when in the cytosol, ADP when in the filament, has + and - end (polar)
12
What is the actin filament made of?
Flexible helix of 2 protofilaments
13
Actin monomers and filaments are ___. This gives it ___. Which end is more dynamic?
Polar; directionality; +
14
___ regulate actin filament assembly and disassembly.
Accessory proteins
15
Small soluble actin subunits are in ___ with large filamentous polymers.
Equilibrium
16
A signal can lead to disassembly of filaments and rapid ___ of subunits, followed by reassembly at a ___ site.
Diffusion; new
17
What are the three phases to actin filament assembly?
1. Nucleation (lag phase)
2. Elongation (growth phase)
3. Steady state equilibrium (equilibrium phase)
18
What is the rate limiting step to actin filament assembly?
Nucleation
19
What is the critical concentration?
The concentration of actin monomers at steady state
20
What happens to the kinetics of actin formation if actin "nuclei" are added directly?
Removes the nucleation/lag phase
21
Actin is nucleated at the ___ end.
Minus
22
Nucleation occurs preferentially at the ___, which allows for cell surface structures to form.
Cell membrane
23
Nucleation occurs via what protein(s)?
Actin related proteins (ARP) -> ARP2 and ARP3
24
ARP binds pre-existing filaments at a ___ angle.
70 degree
25
What modulates filament growth and localization? What do each of these do?
End binding proteins (ARP and Cap Z) - ARP caps and nucleates the minus end, CapZ binds and stabilizes the + end.
26
___ modulate filament elongation. These are ___ (less or more) efficient than end binding proteins.
Subunit binding proteins; less
27
___ modulate filament stability and orientation. This includes what protein?
Filament binding proteins; cofilin (actin depolymerization factor that preferentially binds to ADP subunits in existing actin filaments.)
28
Filamentous actin contains enzymes to...
...hydrolyze ATP present in subunits.
29
ATP hydrolysis converts ___ form to ___ form.
T (stabilizes + end of filament); D
30
