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SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- > Ch. 10-Motor Speech Disorders > Flashcards

Ch. 10-Motor Speech Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What causes flaccid dysarthria?

A

damage to the lower motor neurons

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2
Q

What causes ataxic dysarthria?

A

damage to the cerebellum or cerebellar control circuitry.

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3
Q

What causes spastic cerebral palsy?

A

lesion to the motor cortex and/or pyramidal tract

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4
Q

What causes athenoid cerebral palsy?

A

lesion to the extrapyramidal tract or to the basal ganglia

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5
Q

What does acquired apraxia come from?

A

a lesion in the central programming area for speech in the left frontal lobe that details and plans the coordination of sequenced motor movements for speech.

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6
Q

What do lower motor neurons do?

A

they are responsible for activating muscles.

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7
Q

What causes hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

damage to the basal ganglia and basal ganglia circuitry

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8
Q

What are the spinal nerves especially important for?

A

breathing for purposes of speech production

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9
Q

What characterizes spastic dysarthria?

A

speech is slow rate, voice quality is strain-strangled, hypernasal, articulation is not precise, too much stress on words

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10
Q

What characterizes hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

irregular breakdown in articulation, prosodic abnormalities, speech rate varies

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11
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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12
Q

What is spastic cerebral palsy?

A

CP characterized by spasticity, exaggerated stretch reflex, jerky movements that are also labored and slow, infantile reflex patterns

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13
Q

What is cerebral palsy?

A

a congenital disorder that causes dysarthria in children

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14
Q

What is ataxic dysarthria?

A

dysarthria due to incoordination, reduced muscle tone; poor accuracy and timing of movements

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15
Q

What is the pyramidal tract also known as?

A

the direct activation pathway

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16
Q

What causes dysarthria?

A

when speech muscles are weakened, paralyzed, or discoordinated

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17
Q

What is bell’s palsy?

A

condition with an unknown causes (idiopathic), results in unilateral damage to the facial nerve (CN VII)

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18
Q

What causes ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

lesion to the cerebellum

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19
Q

What is dystonia?

A

involuntary movements that are characterized by slow, sustained abnormal posturing, with possible twisting of body parts

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20
Q

What are tics?

A

rapid, patterned movements that are not involuntary, associated with Turette’s syndrome

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21
Q

What is the average survival rate for those with Huntington’s chorea?

A

about 20 years

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22
Q

What is chorea?

A

rapid and unpredictable movements of the limbs, face and tongue

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23
Q

What are the two main types of motor speech disorders ?

A

dysarthria and apraxia

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24
Q

What percentage of individuals of CP have Ataxic CP?

A

10%

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25
Q

What is spastic dysarthria?

A

dysarthria due to spastic and weak muscles; increased muscle tone, reflexes are hyperactive

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26
Q

What structures of the brain are important for motor speech production?

A

primary motor cortex, lower motor neurons, pyramidal tract, extrapyramidal tract, basal ganglia

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27
Q

What characterizes flaccid dysarthria?

A

continuous breathiness, monopitch, hypernasal, short phrases, imprecise articulation

28
Q

What are the cranial nerves especially important for?

A

speech production

29
Q

What is tremor?

A

most common involuntary movement, involves rhythmic movement of a body part

30
Q

What is athenoid cerebral palsy

A

CP characterized by slow, involuntary twisting and turning, movement is disorganized and uncoordinated, when they want to move

31
Q

What causes hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

damage to the basal ganglia and basal ganglia circuitry

32
Q

What are techniques for treatment for those with acquired apraxia of speech?

A

Integral stimulation, intonation therapy, contrastive stress, melodic intonation therapy

33
Q

What is the extrapyramidal tract?

A

a pathway that is important for controlling reflexes and maintaining posture and muscle tone

34
Q

What disease has hypokinetic dysarthria as one result of it?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

35
Q

What is ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

CP characterized by poor balance, uncoordinated movement, and movement that lacks direction, force, and control

36
Q

What causes spastic dysarthria?

A

damage to upper motor neurons (i.e. direct and indirect activation pathways)

37
Q

What characterizes cerebral palsy?

A

permanent distortion of movement and distortion of posture, muscle weakness, loss of selective motor control, hypertonia, impaired balance

38
Q

What are some treatment techniques to help those with dysarthria?

A

Pause/phrase strategy, using an abdominal binder for respiration, LSVT, AAC plus verbal communication, intensive, repetitive speech production drill practice, EPG

39
Q

What is one etiology of motor speech disorders?

A

cerebral palsy

40
Q

What is the extrapyramidal tract also known as?

A

the indirect activation pathway

41
Q

What is hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

dysarthria due to muscles moving less, muscles are rigid and stiff, and difficulty starting and stopping movements

42
Q

What characterizes mixed dysarthria?

A

imprecise articulation, slow rate; harsh voice; monopitch/monoloudness, hypernasality, excess and equal stress

43
Q

What is hypokinesia?

A

reduced movement

44
Q

What percentage of individuals with CP have spastic CP?

A

60%

45
Q

What is hyperkinetic dysarthria?

A

dysarthria caused by involuntary movements

46
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

part of the brain’s extrapyramidal system; large subcortical nuclei that controls motor functioning and maintains posture and tone

47
Q

What do the pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract make up?

A

the upper motor neuron system

48
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

group of speech impairments that affect the speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movement

49
Q

What is ALS?

A

neurodegenerative disease in which both the upper and lower motor neurons are degrading

50
Q

What is mixed dysarthria?

A

a combo of two or more dysarthrias,

51
Q

What are fasciculations?

A

visible, isolated twitches in muscles that are resting; this happens because the nerve impulses are firing randomly due to nerve degeneration

52
Q

What characterizes hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

accelerated speech rate, disfluencies, breathy/harsh/hoarse voice quality, articulation is not precise

53
Q

What is muscular dystrophy?

A

group of genetic diseases that lead to the muscles being unable to contract and relax normally; its a progressive disease

54
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

autoimmune disease that affects the area between the motor neuron axon and the muscle. Muscles are quickly getting weaker because there is not enough nerve impulses being transmitted to the muscles

55
Q

What causes mixed dysarthria?

A

damage to many brain structures or circuits

56
Q

What is apraxia?

A

acquired disorder in voluntary motor planning and programming of movement gestures for speech. It is unrelated to muscle weakness, slowness, or paralysis

57
Q

What causes cerebral palsy?

A

anoxic brain injury or lack of oxygen to the brain

58
Q

What are the types of dysarthria?

A

flaccid, spastic, ataxic, hypokinetic, hyperkinetic, mixed

59
Q

What percentage of individuals with CP have athenoid CP?

A

30%

60
Q

What is the pyramidal tract?

A

a pathway that is found in the primary motor cortex. It is responsible for rapid, discrete, volitional movement of the limbs and of the articulators for speech

61
Q

What is flaccid dysarthria?

A

dysarthria due to muscles that are weak and reduced in tone; reflexes are decreased, and muscles eventually atrophy

62
Q

What is Huntington’s chorea?

A

inherited progressive disease; characterized by involuntary movements that are rapid and unpredictable. Mood swings are common too

63
Q

What are some etiologies of flaccid dysarthria?

A

bell’s palsy, progressive bulbar palsy, myasthenia gravis, muscular dystrophy

64
Q

How do you determine if someone has a tremor?

A

have them pronounce a vowel

65
Q

What is progressive bulbar palsy?

A

neurological disease that causes degeneration of lower motor neurons

66
Q

What characterizes ataxic dysarthria?

A

irregular breakdowns in articulation, vowel distortions, imprecise consonants, prosodic abnormalities (weird rhythm and rate of speech, prolonged pauses)

SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- (16 decks)

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