B1 Cell Biology

Question 1

what are the main organelles and their functions

Answer 1

nucleas- holds the dna
membrane- contorls what goes in and out of the cell
cytoplasm- chemical reactions
mitochondira- respiration for energy
ribosomes- protein synthesis for protein
cell wall- keeps the cell rigid
vacuole-keeps the cell turgid and holds glucose
chloroplasts- produces photosyntheis for energy

Question 2

relative size of bacterial cells

Answer 2

0.2um-2um

Question 3

prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell differences

Answer 3

pro has no nucles

eu has a nucleas

Question 4

Where is the genetic material stored in a bacterial cell

Answer 4

In the dna plasmid

Question 5

What is the adaptations of a xylem and a phloem

Answer 5

Xylem- spiral lignin allows plant to grow

Phloem- little cytoplasm and no nucleus to make it sieve like

Question 6

List three specialised cells and how they are specialised

Answer 6

Sperm cell- Tail to swim and packed with mitochondria
Muscle cell- lots of mitochondria to expand and retract
Nerve cell- long to send neurons and large surface area at the ends

Question 7

What is cell differentiation

Answer 7

Starts as a stem cell and certain gene switches get turned off and on in order for the cell to turn specialised through adaptation

Question 8

What is binary fusion

Answer 8

How bacterial cells divide rapidly by doubling all of its sub cellular structures

Question 9

What does the nucleas of a cell contain

Answer 9

46 pairs of chromosomes packed with genes

Question 10

What is mitosis and its steps

Answer 10

Cell division for growth and repair
Nucleas compresses into chromosomes which split in half and go to either side of the nucleas
All organelles replicate and go to separate sides of the cell
Two daughter cells are produced after the parent cell splits in half

Question 11

What is a stem cell and what can it cure

Answer 11

The most basic form of cell, ready for specialisation

Cures spinal disease and diabetes

Question 12

Where is a stem cell found

Answer 12

In the embryo

Question 13

Controversies of a stem cell

Answer 13

Religious

Ethical due to embryo

Question 14

What can meristem cells in plants be used for

Answer 14

Cloning plants quickly and efficiently

Question 15

What is diffusion and give an example of where is happens

Answer 15

The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Happens in the lungs, co2 moves in and oxygen moves out

Question 16

What two things effect the rate of diffusion

Answer 16

Mass and distance travelled

Question 17

What is osmosis

Answer 17

The movement of water particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a partially permeable membrane

Question 18

What is active transport and what does it need and give an example of where it takes place

Answer 18

The movement of molecules/particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across the concentration gradient. This requires respiration

An example is getting glucose inside of a cell

Question 19

What is the cloning process in plants

Answer 19

• cells removed from the meristem
• cells are cultured in sterile tissue
• plant lets produced are transferred to pots

Question 20

What is the measurement of a micrometer (um) in standard form

Answer 20

-6

10

Question 21

How does water move from the roots to the leaves

Answer 21

Through transpiration via the xylem

Question 22

What is stomata and it’s adaptation

Answer 22

Tiny holes in leaves that controls the flow of water and gas in and out the leaves

Question 23

How to use a microscope to view cells

Answer 23

Mount substance on the slide
Count cells in one area
Repeat four times
Calculate mean

Question 24

How do u calculate magnification

Answer 24

Image size/object size

Question 25

What is therapeutic cloning

Answer 25

• extract stem cells from embryo produced by the patient
• stem cells transplanted into particular area and cannot be rejected by the patient
• stem cells can then differentiate