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Bio > Exam 2 review > Flashcards

Exam 2 review Flashcards

1
Q

Plant senses

A
  • collect information

- want to increase survival so adapt

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2
Q

Three steps process of plants determining environmental cues

A

1) sensory cells get signal and modify it
2) send signal to target cell
3) target cells receive info and respond

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3
Q

Signal receptor proteins

A
  • phototropins

- phytochromes

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4
Q

Signal hormones

A
  • auxin
  • florigen
  • expansin
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5
Q

Signal transduction

A
  • convert from one form to another
  • signal from outside must bind with phytochrome and be converted into a form the pant can use
  • not needed if signal is already inside
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6
Q

Phototropism

A

plant bending to light

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7
Q

Process of phototropism

A
  • expansin breaks cell wall

- auxin builds up of shaded side and swell

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8
Q

Phototropism receptors

A

phototropins

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9
Q

Wavelength that cause phototropism

A

blue light

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10
Q

Hormones in phototropism

A

auxin and expansin

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11
Q

Pigment involved in R/FR

A

phytochrome

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12
Q

Photoperiodism

A

length of days and the type of light the plant was last exposed to

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13
Q

Wave lengths of photoperiodism

A

red and far-red

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14
Q

Hormone of photoperiodism

A

florigen

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15
Q

Gravitropism

A

tells what direction to send the roots/shoots

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16
Q

Location of cells responsible for gravitropism

A

root tip

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17
Q

Type of cell for gravitropism

A

amyloplasts

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18
Q

Amyloplasts

A

move based on what way gravity is pulling them, increase in concentration = increased auxin

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19
Q

Hormone for gravitropism

A

auxin

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20
Q

Wind/touch response

A

mechanical, respond to environment to increase survival

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21
Q

Thigmotropism

A

slow, directional movement, trindles, use to climb

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22
Q

Thigmonastic movement

A

rapid, non-directional, electrical signals/aps that move through plants

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23
Q

Plant growth

A

continuous but not constant, based on nutrients

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24
Q

Aprical dominance

A

apical meristem will be main growth unless cut off then axillary bids will redirect growth to be full and thick

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25
Q

Hormone for apical dominace

A

auxin

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26
Q

Additional growth hormones

A
  • cytokinins
  • gibberillins
  • ABA
  • Ethylene
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27
Q

Cytokinins

A

cell growth

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28
Q

Gibberillins

A

stimulate plant growth

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29
Q

ABA

A

inhibit plant growth

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30
Q

Ethylene

A

related to plant aging, causes ripening, senescence, and abscission

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31
Q

Senescence

A

one part of plant dies

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32
Q

Abscission

A

auxin stops flowing and ethylene builds up, turn yellow and fall

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33
Q

Fruit ripening

A

starch converted into sugar by ethylene, softer, sweeter, more attractive

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34
Q

Physical defence

A

thorns, spin, cuticle

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35
Q

Chemical defence

A

toxins, hormones, secondary metabolic

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36
Q

Inducible defenses

A

intentional or caused response to protect itself

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37
Q

Ways that pathogens attack plants

A
  • kill host cell and feed of cell debris

- feed on host nutrients

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38
Q

Hypersensitive responses

A

localized, immediate

- stomata close -> produce toxins -> reinforce neighbor cells -> apoptosis

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39
Q

Systemic Acquired Resistance

A

whole plant, after hypersensitive, creates resistance, primes cells in roots and shoots, expression of pathogen genes to limit the chance of infection again

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40
Q

Direct defense

A

plants directly doing defense (secreting oil)

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41
Q

Indirect defense

A

plants produce chemical that attracts predator that eats the parasite (parasitoid)

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42
Q

Anatomy

A

physical structure

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43
Q

Physiology

A

how physical structure functions

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44
Q

Adaptations

A

variation
adaptation
competition
selection

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45
Q

Trade-offs for adaptation

A

energy is put into one factor which can cause both factors to suffer

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46
Q

Adaptation

A

long-term, genetic

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47
Q

Acclimatization

A

short-term, reversible, based on environmental factors

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48
Q

Major tissue types

A
  • muscular
  • connective
  • nervous
  • epithelial
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49
Q

Types of Connective tissue

A
  • loose
  • dense
  • supporting
  • fluid
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50
Q

Loose CT

A
  • packing material for organs
  • allows expanding
  • fibrous proteins
  • has fibroblasts
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51
Q

Dense CT

A
  • tightly packed
  • bones and muscles
  • connect tendons and ligaments
  • have fibroblasts
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52
Q

Supporting CT

A
  • bones and cartilage
  • support and protect vertebrate
  • make skeletal system
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53
Q

Fluid CT

A
  • blood

- cells surrounded by extra cellular matrix to keep shape

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54
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A
  • skeletal
  • cardiac
  • smooth
55
Q

Skeletal MT

A
  • only voluntary
  • attach to bone
  • force movement
  • straited
56
Q

Cardiac MT

A
  • heart
  • branch pattern to get signal from nerves for contraction
  • striated
57
Q

Smooth MT

A
  • BVs
  • digestive tract
  • NOT straited, have bump
  • regulate body functions (BP and digestion)
58
Q

Body size and physiology

A
  • natural effect/forces/habitats effect how efficient a size is
  • rate of gas exchange/nutrient use and heat varies
59
Q

Larger size

A

decreased SA/V ratio, more effecient

60
Q

Small size

A

less energy, lose more heat and water, greater SA/V ratio

61
Q

Homeostasis

A

stability of a condition
chemical and physical
temp, pH, ion concentration, set point

62
Q

Three regulation components

A
  • sensor
  • integrator
  • effector
63
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

opposite change in conditions (temp)

64
Q

Feedback loop disruptions

A
  • diabetes = body can’t regulate B glucose, insulin increases in B
65
Q

Thermoregulation

A
  • radiation
  • convection
  • evaporation
  • conduction
66
Q

Radiation

A

heat exchange between things NOT touching

67
Q

Convection

A

heat exchange between solid and gas

68
Q

Evaporation

A

heat loss through water

69
Q

Conduction

A

transfer of heat WHILE touching

70
Q

Enotherm

A

make own heat

71
Q

Ectotherms

A

get heat from environment

72
Q

Homeotherms

A

same heat, set to point

73
Q

Poikilotherms

A

varied heat

74
Q

Flow of nutrients

A

ingest -> digest -> absorb

75
Q

Major nutrient types

A
  • carbs
  • lipids
  • protein
76
Q

4 classes of nutrients

A
  • essential fatty acid
  • essential amino acid
  • minerals
  • vitamins
77
Q

Vitamins

A

organic, carbon compounds, can synthesis

78
Q

Minerals

A

inorganic, calcium and iron, cannot synthesis

79
Q

Essential amino acids

A

9 needed from food, 20 total, synthesis some

80
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

can synthesis most

81
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

phenotypes that evolve from a common ancestor to feed of different sources, not as much competition

82
Q

Complete digestion

A

separate structure for excretion, things flow in one direction

83
Q

Incomplete digestion

A

no separate structure for excretion, from mouth to stomach, flows back and forth

84
Q

Mechanical factors of digestion

A
  • chewing

- muscle contraction churning food

85
Q

Chemical factors of digestion

A
  • salivary amylase
  • lingual lipase
  • acidity and protease
  • tripsin
86
Q

Peristalsis

A

rhythmic contraction of the esophagus, stim by nerve signal

87
Q

Crop

A
  • modified esophagus

- food storage, regulation, processing, and regurgitation

88
Q

Stomach digestion

A
  • acidity, 1.5 pH
  • HCL hydrochloric acid, helps break protein
  • denaturing protein
  • proteases, peptide chain
89
Q

Parietal cells

A

acidity in stomach, denatures

90
Q

Protease

A

pepsin, breaks up protein into peptide chain in stomach

91
Q

SI digest/absorb

A
  • breaks polypeptide chain into amino acid
  • absorb protein, carb, and lipid in water
  • SA increased with villi
92
Q

Pancreas

A
  • produces most enzymes

- tripsin

93
Q

Tripsin

A

helps activate and breakdown proteases, nucleases, amylase, and lipase

94
Q

Mouth

A

lipids and carbs

lipase and amylase

95
Q

Stomach

A

protein

96
Q

Small intestine

A

absorb lipids, carbs, and proteins in water

97
Q

Large intestine

A

water absorption, compacts waste, helps breakdown cellulose with symbiotic bacteria

98
Q

Thigmomorphogenesis

A

plants changes the way it grows and gets shorter and thicker

99
Q

3 responses to touch

A
  • thigmotropism
  • thigmonastic
  • thigmomorphogenesis
100
Q

Hormone

A

organic compound made in one area and send to another via B to create a response

101
Q

Adaptive radiation vs. phenotypic plasticity

A
  • AR = different phenotypes depending on environment

- PP = same genotype with multiple phenotypes in result of environment

102
Q

Plants respond to

A

wind, light, touch, temp, gravity, herbivory

103
Q

Organization of structures

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

104
Q

Expansin

A
  • break H bond

- electrochemical gradients let water enter cell by osmosis

105
Q

Dormancy hormones

A
  • Gibberillins = stop

- ABA = start

106
Q

Plants respond to

A
  • daylength
  • light
  • temp
  • seasons
107
Q

Plants change based on

A

environment

108
Q

4 mouth part adaptions

A
  • flat = greens
  • long beak = get nectar far down
  • sharp = tear/crush
  • filter (suspension)
109
Q

Statolish hypothesis

A

amyloplasts press against sensory cell –> amyloplasts settle on cell wall –> activate receptors –> signal root in new direction

110
Q

Plants tip on side and start _ and _

A
  • gravitropism

- phototropism

111
Q

Hormone regulating apical meristem growth

A

auxin

112
Q

Dormancy

A

temporary state of reduced metabolic activity

113
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing bacteria, virus

- must be introduced

114
Q

Response to pathogens

A

hypersensitive response

systemic acquired resistance

115
Q

Parasitoid

A

lay eggs in herbivore

116
Q

Allele

A

physical expression of gene, change frequently

- most allele = most fit

117
Q

If form is adaptive

A
  • allele will reproduce more in pop

- increase frequently

118
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Dendrites = reach out of cell body
  • Axon = from body to axon term
  • Myelin sheath = keeps signal in axon and moves faster
  • Axon terminal = receives and sends
119
Q

Increase SA by

A
  • flattening
  • folding
  • branching
120
Q

Heterotrophs

A

have to feed on something else

121
Q

Autotrophs

A

plants

122
Q

Nutrients

A

allow body to synthesis ATP and macronutrients

123
Q

Units

A
  • kilocalorie = energy
  • fat = 9 kc/g
  • carb/ protein = 4 kc/g
124
Q

Vitamin coenzyme

A

aid in the synthesis of other things

125
Q

ATP

A

energy in cell, made from glucose, stores energy in 3 phosphate bonds (energy released when bonds broken)

126
Q

Digestive tract

A

what food passes through

127
Q

Accessory organs

A

don’t come into contact with food but help by producing enzymes

128
Q

Enzymes break down

A

carbs, lipids, and proteins

129
Q

Salivary amylase

A

carbs

130
Q

Lingual lipase

A

lipids

131
Q

3 cell types

A
  • mucous
  • chief
  • parietal
132
Q

Chief cells

A
  • produce proteases that break protein into peptide chain

- proteases = pepsin

133
Q

Sodium concentration gradient

A

sodium potassium pump pushes out sodium and brings in potassium (low sodium in SI)

  • sodium carries in glucose and amino acid
  • water and lipids go across membrane right into B
134
Q

Appendix

A

can help recolonize good bacteria

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