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hubs192 > Module 5: Renal/Urinary system > Flashcards

Module 5: Renal/Urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

how much percent of males is water

A

60%

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2
Q

how much percent of females is water

A

55%

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3
Q

extracellular fluid makes how much of TBW

A

1/3

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4
Q

intracellular fluid makes how much of TBW

A

2/3

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5
Q

how much blood flows through the kidneys every minute

A

1200mL

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6
Q

how much urine does a person produce daily

A

800-2000mL

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7
Q

what is urine

A

waste product excreted to maintain balance within the body

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8
Q

what makes up normal urine

A

water, salts, metabolites and small proteins

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9
Q

what is found in abnormal urine

A

large proteins, RBCs, glucose

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10
Q

main components of the urinary system are

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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11
Q

the structure of the kidney allows for

A

blood to be brought in close proximity to the nephron for filtering, allows blood to leave the kidney and a pathway for urine to be stored and excreted

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12
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

between T12-L3 vertebrae

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13
Q

what passes through the hilum

A

blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves and ureter

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14
Q

what gland sits on top of the kidney

A

adrenal

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15
Q

retroperitoneal means

A

located on posterior abdominal wall covered on anterior side by peritoneum

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16
Q

three regions of the kidney

A

cortex, medulla and pelvis

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17
Q

what is the protective layer of the kidney

A

fibrous capsule

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18
Q

the inner medullar is divided

A

into pyramids and each pyramid ends in a papilla

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19
Q

the outer cortex is

A

a continuous layer and contains renal columns

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20
Q

how many lobes are in each kidney

A

5-11

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21
Q

a kidney lobe contains

A

one pyramid and all the cortex that surrounds it

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22
Q

kidney lobes are mainly made from

A

approx 1 million nephrons

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23
Q

function of nephrons

A

filter blood and create urine

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24
Q

urine travels–>

A

papilla–> minor calyx–> major calyx–> renal pelvis–> ureter

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25
Q

function of afferent arteriole in nephron

A

deliver blood from the arteries to the glomerulus

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26
Q

what is the glomerulus made of and what is it function

A

glomerular capillaries and is the site of filtration

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27
Q

function of efferent arteriole in nephron

A

carries blood from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

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28
Q

function of peritubular capillaries

A

allow us to change our mind of what we want filtered and reabsorb stuff we want back in the blood which carry blood to veins

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29
Q

flow of blood from the cortex to be filtered

A

abdominal aorta–> renal artery–> series of arteries–> afferent arteriole–> glomerular capillary

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30
Q

flow of blood away from the cortex after being filtered

A

glomerular capillary–> efferent capillary–> peritubular capillaries–> series of veins–> renal vein–> inferior vena cava

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31
Q

nerve supply in kidneys

A

innervation is from a network of autonomic nerves and ganglia called the renal plexus

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32
Q

nephron is

A

microscopic functional unit of the kidney

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33
Q

renal corpuscle

A

where blood and nephron meet/ site of filtration

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34
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

close to renal corpuscle and wiggly

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35
Q

nephron loop

A

loop at bottom of nephron

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36
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

further away from renal corpuscle and wiggly

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37
Q

collecting duct

A

runs down and papilla’s connect to it

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38
Q

types of nephron

A

cortical and juxtamedullary

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39
Q

what nephron is the most abundent

A

cortical (85%)

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40
Q

where do cortical nephrons mainly lie

A

cortex

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41
Q

function of juxtamedullary nephron

A

extend deep into medulla and are important for the formation of concentrated urine

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42
Q

each nephron is comprised of

A

a glomerular capsule, renal tubules and a collecting duct

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43
Q

structure of glomerular capillaries

A

thin walled single layer of fenestrated endothelial cells

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44
Q

what are vasa recta and where are they found

A

extensions that follow nephron loop deep into the medulla only found within juxamedullary nephron

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45
Q

the renal corpuscle contains

A

glomerulus enclosed by the glomerular capsule and is where capillary and nephron meet and is the site of filtration

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46
Q

two layers of the glomerular capsule

A

outer parietal layer of simple squamous cells and inner visceral layer of podocytes

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47
Q

podocytes

A

surround the glomerular capillaries which have branches called pedicels

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48
Q

function of pedicels

A

filtration slits that filter blood

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49
Q

filtration barrier is also known as

A

the blood-urine barrier or glomerular capsular membrane

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50
Q

what does the blood-urine barrier allow free passage of

A

water and small molecules

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51
Q

what does the filtration barrier restrict passage of

A

proteins and RBCs

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52
Q

three layers of the filtration barrier from blood side to nephron side

A

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillary, fused basement membrane and filtration slits between the pedicels of the podocytes

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53
Q

urine=

A

filtered- reabsorbed + secreted

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54
Q

function of PCT

A

bulk reabsorption

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55
Q

structure of PCT

A

cuboidal epithelial, dense microvilli, highly folded basolateral mitochondria and leaky epithelium

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56
Q

function of nephron loop

A

length is important in production of dilute/ concentrated urine

57
Q

structure of thick descending limb

A

like PCT

58
Q

structure of thin descending limb

A

simple squamous epithelium

59
Q

structure of thin ascending limb

A

simple squamous epithelium

60
Q

structure of thick ascending limb

A

like DCT

61
Q

function of DCT

A

fine tuning- not bulk reabsorption

62
Q

structure of DCT

A

cuboidal epithelium but thinner than PCT, few microvilli, few mitochondria

63
Q

reabsorption in DCT is regulated by

A

aldosterone

64
Q

function of collecting duct

A

fine tuning- filtrate from several DCTs drain into one collecting duct

65
Q

structure of collecting duct

A

wall of simple cuboidal epithelium, principal cells, intercalated cells

66
Q

principal cells

A

reabsorption

67
Q

intercalated cells

A

acid/base balance

68
Q

reabsorption in collecting duct is regulated by

A

ADH and aldosterone

69
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

specialised zone in every nephron

70
Q

where is the JGA located

A

where DCT lies against afferent arteriole

71
Q

Macula densa cells

A

chemoreceptors detect sodium levels

72
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

mechanoreceptors detect stretch therefore blood pressure

73
Q

transitional epithelium

A

stratified, round cells which flatten when stretched

74
Q

function of transitional epithelium

A

protection

75
Q

how is urine moved into bladder

A

peristaltic waves

76
Q

three layers of ureter from inner to outer

A

transitional epithelium, muscularis (inner longitudinal and outer circular), adventitia

77
Q

transitional epithelium

A

found anywhere that needs extra protection

78
Q

adventitia

A

outer covering of fibrous connective tissue

79
Q

ureters can act as a ___ : compressed by ___ bladder pressure to prevent ___

A

sphincter; increased; backflow

80
Q

function of bladder

A

collapsible muscular sac that stores and expels urine

81
Q

ureters

A

carry urine from kidneys to bladder

82
Q

bladder wall

A

contains muscle for expulsion of urine

83
Q

rugae

A

folds that allow bladder to expand

84
Q

trigone

A

triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra

85
Q

urethra

A

carries urine out of bladder

86
Q

description of empty bladder

A

pyramidal and lies within the pelvis

87
Q

description of filling–> full bladder

A

becomes more spherical and expands superiorly

88
Q

location of bladder in males

A

anterior to rectum and superior to prostate gland

89
Q

location of bladder in females

A

anterior to vagina and uterus

90
Q

thick smooth muscle layer in bladder

A

detrusor

91
Q

urethra epithelium changes

A

transitional near bladder, columnar then stratified squamous near external opening

92
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

junction of bladder and urethra, involuntary

93
Q

externa urethral sphincter

A

located where urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm, voluntary control

94
Q

urination

A

bladder fills with urine and expands, AP from stretch receptors to brain, signal increases with urgency, internal sphincter relaxes we need to consciously relax external sphincter

95
Q

glucose in urine is a signal of

A

diabetes

96
Q

protein in urine is a signal of

A

broken filtration barrier

97
Q

blood in urine is a signal of

A

UTI

98
Q

kidney failure/ disease

A

hyperkalaemia

99
Q

what is the main buffer of the blood neutralising acids from metabolism

A

bicarbonate

100
Q

how is bicarbonate concentration controlled

A

by the lungs exhaling CO2 and kidneys reabsorbing bicarbonate and secreting hydrogen ions

101
Q

filtration in nephron

A

creates a plasma-like filtrate of blood

102
Q

reabsorption in nephron

A

removes useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them back to the blood

103
Q

secretion in nephron

A

adds additional wastes from the blood to the filtrate

104
Q

four forces/ pressures determining net filtration pressure

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure, capsular colloid osmotic pressure

105
Q

favouring forces are

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure, blood colloid osmotic pressure

106
Q

opposing forces are

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure, capsular colloid osmotic pressure

107
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

A

blood pressure (+50mmHg)

108
Q

blood colloid osmotic pressure

A

albumin (-25mmHg)

109
Q

capsular hydrostatic pressure

A

corpuscle embedded in tissues (-15mmHg)

110
Q

capsular colloid osmotic pressure

A

no protein in capsular space (0mmHg)

111
Q

net filtration pressure

A

(10mmHg)

112
Q

clearance of a substance

A

S

113
Q

Clearance =

A

concentration of S in urine x volume of urine produced per unit time / concentration of S in plasma

114
Q

Cs=

A

Us x V / Ps (mL/min)

115
Q

GFR

A

glomerular filtration rate

116
Q

GFR is

A

the amount of fluid filtered per unit time

117
Q

Inulin

A

polysaccharide not metabolised by body-sugar–> not found in body but has to be injected

118
Q

Creatinine

A

waste product produced by muscles already in body so most commonly used clinically

119
Q

plasma creatinine is low if

A

both kidneys are working

120
Q

plasma makes up how much of the ECF

A

1/5

121
Q

interstitial fluid makes up how much of the ECF

A

4/5

122
Q

tonicity is based on

A

the effect of the solution on cells

123
Q

how much of sodium chloride foes back into blood

A

99%

124
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the PCT

A

67%

125
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the TAL

A

25%

126
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs in the DCT

A

5%

127
Q

how much sodium reabsorption occurs int he CD

A

3%

128
Q

water is reabsorbed in the

A

thick descending limb

129
Q

in a hypertonic solution cells

A

shrivel

130
Q

in an isotonic solution cells

A

remain the normal shape

131
Q

in a hypotonic solution cells

A

swell

132
Q

hormone released from posterior pituitary

A

ADH

133
Q

ADH synthesis

A

in cell body of central neurons (hypothalamus) , axonal transport to posterior pituitary

134
Q

ADH release

A

in posterior pituitary and into bloodstream

135
Q

major stimuli for release of ADH

A

increased ECF osmolarity and decreased blood volume

136
Q

obligatory water reabsorption

A

not regulated, accounts for 92% of total water reabsorption

137
Q

facultative water reabsorption

A

tight epithelia, only transcellular, regulated by ADH, accounts for 2-8% of total water reabsorption

138
Q

diuresis

A

large amount of urine

139
Q

antidiuresis

A

not a lot of urine produced

hubs192 (6 decks)

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