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HUBS192 > Module 3: Respiratory system > Flashcards

Module 3: Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the respiratory system?

A

Connected organs and structures that function to conduct warm, clean, moist air into close proximity with blood of the circulatory system for gas exchange.

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2
Q

To be effective the respiratory system needs…

A
  1. surface for gas exchange.
  2. a path for air to flow.
  3. ability to draw breath in and out.
  4. produce sound and olfaction.
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3
Q

URT stands for…

A

upper respiratory tract

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4
Q

LRT stands for…

A

lower respiratory tract

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5
Q

main components of the respiratory system are…

A

URT, LRT, thoracic cavity and respiratory muscles

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6
Q

Function of nasal cavity…

A

olfaction

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7
Q

function of oral cavity…

A

passage for air and food

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8
Q

function of conduction region…

A

nasal cavity to bronchioles, also ensure air is warm, clean and moist

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9
Q

function of respiratory region…

A

alveoli and sites of gas exchange

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10
Q

epithelial of where air and food travel

A

stratified epithelium

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11
Q

epithelial of site of gas exchange

A

simple squamous

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12
Q

respiratory epithelium is…

A

psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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13
Q

goblet cells produce…

A

mucus

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14
Q

function of mucus

A

traps debris and moistens air

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15
Q

ciliated cells…

A

move in a pattern to push mucus towards pharaynx.

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16
Q

components of URT

A

nose/nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx

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17
Q

functions of URT

A

conducting passage
prepares air for gas exchange
olfaction
paranasale sinuses

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18
Q

three projections of the conchae from top to bottom

A

superior, middle, inferior conchae

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19
Q

epithelium of conchae

A

respiratory

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20
Q

the epithelium of the nasal mucosa sits on

A

lamina propria

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21
Q

functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

lighten skull
increased surface area
sound resonance

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22
Q

three regions of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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23
Q

nasopharynx carries

A

air

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24
Q

oropharynx carries

A

air and food

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25
Q

laryngopharynx carries

A

air and food

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26
Q

epithelium of oropharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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27
Q

epithelium of laryngopharynx

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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28
Q

laryngopharynx starts and ends

A

beginning of esophagus to digestive tract

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29
Q

oropharynx starts and ends

A

soft palate to hyoid bone

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30
Q

nasopharynx starts and ends

A

posterior nares to soft palate

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31
Q

components of LRT

A 
larynx
trachea
bronchi
bronchioles
alveoli
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32
Q

functions of the LRT

A

conduct air to/from site of gas exchange
completes cleaning/warming/humidifying of air
provides a barrier between air and blood

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33
Q

larynx is a passageway for

A

air only

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34
Q

larynx starts and ends

A

hyoid bone to trachea

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35
Q

glottis is

A

voice box

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36
Q

trachea starts and ends

A

larynx and primary bronchi

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37
Q

function of trachea

A

maintain patent airway

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38
Q

function of mucocilary escalator

A

removes debris to the pharynx

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39
Q

how many lobes in right lung?

A

3

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40
Q

how many lobes in left lung

A

2

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41
Q

what is the hilum

A

where bronchi and blood vessels enter

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42
Q

epithelium of trachea

A

respiratory epithelium

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43
Q

epithelium of primary bronchi

A

respiratory epithelium

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44
Q

epithelium of secondary and tertiary bronchi

A

respiratory and reduce in height and goblet cells

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45
Q

epithelium of bronchioles

A

cuboidal

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46
Q

epithelial of type 1 pneumocytes

A

squamous

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47
Q

epithelial of type 2 pneumocytes

A

cuboidal

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48
Q

function of type 1 pneumocytes

A

forms the respiratory membrane/blood-air barrier with capillary wall and shared basement membrane

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49
Q

function of type 2 pneumocytes

A

secrete surfactant that reduces the surface tension of alveolar fluid

50
Q

function of macrophage

A

remove debris that makes it to alveoli

51
Q

visceral layer of secretory tissue is on the

A

organ

52
Q

parietal layer of secretory tissue is on the

A

body

53
Q

thoracic cavity contains

A

pericardium and pleura

54
Q

abdominopelvic cavity contrains

A

peritoneum

55
Q

the thoracic cavity is protected by

A

the thoracic cage

56
Q

mediastinum contains

A

heart, vessels and pericardium

57
Q

pleural cavity contains

A

lungs

58
Q

anterior boundary of thoracic cavity

A

sternum

59
Q

posterior boundary of thoracic cavity

A

thoracic vertebrae

60
Q

lateral boundary of thoracic cavity

A

Ribs

61
Q

superior boundary of thoracic cavity

A

base of neck

62
Q

inferior boundary of thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

63
Q

layers of thoracic cavity from outermost to innermost

A

parietal pleura, pleural cavity, visceral pleura

64
Q

pressure is ____ to volume

A

inversely proportional

65
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

P=1/V

66
Q

Smaller space=

A

more collisions

67
Q

larger space=

A

less collisions

68
Q

air moves from

A

higher pressures to lower pressures

69
Q

pressure gradient between breaths

A

pressure inside cavity= pressure outside cavity

70
Q

increased volume

A

air flows in

71
Q

decreased volume

A

air flows out

72
Q

sternocostal joints are

A

in between sternum and ribs

73
Q

costochondral joints are

A

in between ribs and cartilage

74
Q

interchondral joints are

A

in between cartilage

75
Q

the diaphragm is ___ when relaxed

A

dome shaped

76
Q

the diaphragm is ___ when contracted

A

flattened

77
Q

contraction has what affect on thoracic cavity

A

expansion

78
Q

contractions has what affect on abdominopelvic cavity

A

compression

79
Q

function of accessory muscles

A

increase cavity volume for forced inspiration

decrease cavity volume for forced expiration

80
Q

expiration is a ____ process

A

passive

81
Q

Liquids are usually quantified in terms of

A

volume

82
Q

gases are usually quantified in terms of

A

pressure

83
Q

Resistance to blood flow equation

A

R= 1/ R^4

84
Q

A spirometer measures

A

volume inspired/expired

85
Q

Tidal Volume

A

VT- volume of air moved in and out during normal quiet breath

86
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

IRV- extra volume that can be inspired with maximal inhalation

87
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

ERV- extra volume that can be exhaled with maximal effort

88
Q

residual volume

A

remaining volume in lungs after maximal exhalation

89
Q

minimal volume

A

volume remaining in lungs if they collapse

90
Q

vital capacity=

A

inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve + tidal volume

91
Q

total lung capacity=

A

vital capacity + residual volume

92
Q

inspiratory capacity=

A

inspiratory reservve + tidal volume

93
Q

functional residual capacity=

A

expiratory reserve + residual volume

94
Q

vital capacity is

A

volume of air you can shift in and out of your lungs

95
Q

total lung capacity is

A

total volume in lungs when you’ve filled them to max

96
Q

inspiratory capacity is

A

total volume of air you can inspire from rest

97
Q

functional residual capacity is

A

volume remaining in lungs after normal exhalation

98
Q

forced expiratory volume in one second=

A

FEV1

99
Q

obstructive means

A

resistance to air flow ie. asthma

100
Q

restrictive means

A

reduced lung capacity ie. reduced lung compliance

101
Q

Respiratory minute volume (VE)=

A

tidal volume (VT) x Respiratory rate (f)

102
Q

Alveolar ventilation (VA)=

A

(tidal volume (VT)- dead space (VD)) x respiratory rate (f)

103
Q

oxygen moves from

A

alveoli to capillaries

104
Q

carbon dioxide moves from

A

capillaries to alveoli

105
Q

what determines the rate of diffusion

A

surface area of the membranes
thickness of the membranes
pressure differences between the two sides

106
Q

Emphysema is

A

a disease characterised by dilation of the alveolar spaces and destruction of the alveolar walls

107
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis is

A

thickening and scarring of the alveolar membranes

108
Q

oxygen is carried into the blood in which two forms

A
  1. dissolved O2

2. bound to haemoglobin in RBCs

109
Q

What element is used to bind oxygen to haemoglobin

A

Fe2+

110
Q

Haemoglobin can bind ____ oxygen molecules

A

four

111
Q

Relationship of haem to oxygen binding is

A

sigmoidal

112
Q

a sigmoidal relationship is shown due to

A

cooperative binding of oxygen molecules

113
Q

cooperative binding is

A

when the binding of one oxygen molecules allows for more to bind more rapidly

114
Q

higher temperature ____ oxygen affinity

A

reduces

115
Q

lower pH ____ oxygen affinity

A

increases

116
Q

CO2 can be transported in 3 forms

A
  1. dissolved in plasma
  2. bound to haemoglobin
  3. converted to bicarbonate
117
Q

baroreceptors are

A

blood pressure sensors

118
Q

chemoreceptors

A

control CO2 balance

119
Q

If arterial blood pressure decreases

A

air flow increases, i

120
Q

if arterial blood pressure increases

A

air flow decreases

HUBS192 (6 decks)

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