Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FHHD > Diseases of the Lungs > Flashcards

Diseases of the Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

What is pneumonia/pneumonitis

A

Infection of the lung causing alveolar inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the types of pneumonia

A

Lobar pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Atypical pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What bacteria causes lobar pneumonia in 90% of cases

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the clinical features of lobar pneumonia

A

High grade fevers with rigors, productive cough, rusty sputum, pleuritic chest pain and signs of consolidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 pathological stages of lobar pneumonia

A

Congestion
Red hepatisation
Grey hepatisation
Resolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the features of the congestion stage of lobar pneumonia

A 
Occurs for 24 hours
Vessels engorged
Oedema in alveoli
Heavy 
Red lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the features of the red hepatisation stage of lobar pneumonia

A 
Occurs for 2-4 days
Outpouring of neutrophils and RBC's into alveoli
Red
Solid
Airless
"liver like" lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the features of the grey hepatisation stage of lobar pneumonia

A 
Occurs for 4-8 days
Fibrin and macrophages replace neutrophils and RBC's 
Grey 
Solid
Airless lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the features of the resolution stage of lobar pneumonia

A

Occurs for 8-10 days

Gradual return to normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common form of pneumonia

A

Bronchopneumonia

“hospital acquired”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 4 typical clinical settings in which bronchopneumonia is found

A
  • Chronic debilitating illness
  • secondary to viral infections
  • Infancy
  • Old age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does bronchopneumonia often develop

A

starts as bronchitis and bronchiolitis then spreads to the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which bacteria tend to cause bronchopneumonia

A

Staph
Strepto viridans
H influenzae
Coliforms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the histology of bronchopneumonia

A
  • Bilateral, basal, patchy
  • Grey or grey-red spots of consolidation
  • Microscopically acute inflammatory infiltrate in bronchioles and alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some of the complications of bronchopneumonia

A

Death, cus usually happens with other illnesses/extreme age
Resolution
Scarring
Abscess/empyema - rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What kind of infection can cause interstitial (atypical) pneumonia

A

Mycoplasmal or viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where does inflammation occur in atypical pneumonia

A

Restricted to the alveolar septa and interstitial tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is interstitial pneumonia referred to as “atypical”

A

There is no alveolar exudate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What bacteria causes TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the symptoms and features of primary TB

A
  • Represents response to first contact with tubercle bacilli
  • Usually asymptomatic
  • Ghon complex: lesion typically 1cm focus in midzone with draining lymph node
  • Heals with fibrosis and calcification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the pathology of secondary TB

A
  • Reinfection or reactivation

* Fibrosis is usually apical, about 3cm at clinical presentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the microscopic pathology of TB

A
  • Characteristic inflammation based changes resulting from Type IV hypersensitivity
  • Granulomas that try to attack TB bacteria with caseous necrosis, Langhan’s giant cells and epithelioid macrophages
  • Ziehl-Neelsen stain reveals the characteristic acid-fast bacilli
  • Definitive diagnosis is by sputum culture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Pulmonary TB do over time to the lungs

A

Causes progressive fibrocavitary TB, gradually destroys lung through necrosis, cavitation and fibrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give some examples of COPDs

A
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Emphysema
  • Bronchial Asthma
  • Bronchiectasis
25
Q

What is almost always the cause of bronchitis and emphysema

A

Smoking

26
Q

Which COPD almost always occurs with chronic bronchitis

A

Emphysema

27
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis

A

Mucous gland hypertrophy and therefore mucous hyper secretion

28
Q

What are some symptoms of chronic bronchitis

A
  • Productive cough
  • Hypoxia
  • Hypercapnia
29
Q

What causes emphysema

A

Permanent dilatation of airways distal to terminal bronchiole
Caused by elastin destruction leading to loss of elastic recoil

30
Q

What is bronchial asthma and what can be a symptom

A

This is an increased irritability of the bronchial tree and causes paroxysms of reversible bronchospasm

31
Q

What causes the most common form of bronchial asthma

A

Most common = Atopic

Caused by type 1 hypersensitivity to common allergen

32
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

Permanent dilatation of bronchi and bronchioles with necrosis of their walls.
The airways become saclike and are filled with foul smelling pus.

33
Q

What are some symptoms of bronchiectasis

A

Chronic paroxysmal cough, typically brought on by change in posture, copious amounts of foul smelling sputum

34
Q

What usually precedes bronchiectasis

A

Obstruction or childhood viral pneumonia

35
Q

What complications can arise as a result of bronchiectasis

A

Abscess, fibrosis, amyloid, clubbing

36
Q

What is the mist common site for secondary cancers

A

The lungs

37
Q

Name some factors that cause lung cancer

A

Cigarette smoking, asbestos, mineral dusts, radiation, pollution

38
Q

Name a few cancers that can be caused by smoking

A

Lip, tongue, floor of mouth, larynx, oesophagus, urinary bladder, pancreas and kidney

39
Q

Describe the development of the respiratory epithelium into a carcinoma

A
  1. Respiratory epithelium - ciliated, mucus secreting, pseudo stratified, columnar
  2. Stratified squamous
  3. Squamous Dysplasia
  4. Carcinoma
40
Q

What are the different histological classifications of lung cancer

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (25-40%)
  • Adenocarcinoma (25-40%)
  • Small cell carcinoma (20-25%)
  • Large cell carcinoma (10-15%)
41
Q

Describe the clinical features of small cell carcinomas

A
  • Not treatable surgically
  • Usually widely disseminated at time of diagnosis
  • Rx chemotherapy
42
Q

Describe the clinical features of non small cell carcinoma

A
  • Surgically treatable

- Classification into adeno or squamous important for targeted therapy; many new molecular targets available

43
Q

What are the local and general symptoms of lung cancer

A

Local - Cough, haemoptysis and pain

General - Weight loss, Clubbing, Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

44
Q

What are paraneoplastic syndromes

A

A group of rare disorders that are triggered by ectopic hormone production by tumour cells

45
Q

Give an example of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Hypercalcaemia

SIADH - Symptoms of inappropriate anti diuretic hormone

46
Q

What are occupational lung diseases caused by

A

Diseases caused by inhalation of dust particles, mineral or organic substances over many years due to occupational exposure

47
Q

What are the 2 main mechanisms of injury to the lungs in occupational lung diseases

A

– scarring from chronic irritation: inert
substances , eg coal workers’ pneumoconiosis
– hypersensitivity: organic dusts

48
Q

What can coal workers’ pneumoconiosis cause

A

Anthracosis,
Macules,
Progressive massive fibrosis

49
Q

What can silicon occupational inhalation cause

A

Silicosis, Caplan’s syndrome

50
Q

What can asbestos occupational inhalation cause

A

Asbestosis, pleural plaques, Caplan synd, mesothelioma, Ca lung, lx, stomach, colon

51
Q

What can organic dust occupational inhalation cause

A

Farmers’ lung,
Baggassosis,
Byssinosis,
Bid breeders’ lung

52
Q

Name some lung diseases that come from a vascular origin

A
  • Pulmonary Oedema
  • Diffuse Alveolar Damage (ARDS, shock lung)
  • Emboli and Infarction
  • Pulmonary Hypertension
53
Q

Describe the clinical features of pulmonary oedemas

A
  • As BP increases fluid is pushed into lungs and causes heavy and wet lungs
  • Alveolar pink granular fluid may contain haemosiderin-laden macrophages (heart failure cells)
54
Q

What are the causes of Diffuse alveolar damage (ARDS, shock lung)

A

Oedema caused by injury to alveolar capillary endothelium

  • Shock
  • Trauma
  • Sepsis
  • Viral infections
  • Noxious gases
  • Radiation
55
Q

How does Diffuse alveolar damage progress

A

It proceeds to cause severe scarring and is a rapid life threatening respiratory situation

56
Q

What causes emboli and infarctions in the lungs

A

Occlusion of pulmonary arteries by circulating clots usually from the low limb veins

57
Q

Describe the complications associated with large saddle emboli

A

Immediately fatal - lodge at bifurcation of pulmonary trunk

58
Q

Describe the features of small emboli

A

Causes a characteristic wedge shaped infarcts

59
Q

How long should a productive cough last before you diagnose chronic bronchitis

A

more than 3 months

FHHD (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions