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FHHD > Anaerobic Bacteria > Flashcards

Anaerobic Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

What are obligate anaerobes

A
  • Organisms unable to grow in presence of O2

- Require low reduction/oxidation potential (Eh)

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2
Q

What are facultative anaerobes and give examples

A
  • Organisms which grow under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, e.g. E. coli, staphylococci, streptococci
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3
Q

What are obligate aerobes and give examples

A
  • Organisms unable to grow in absence of O2, e.g. Pseudomonas, Neisseria
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4
Q

What are microaerophiles and give examples

A
  • Organisms that require a small amount of O2 i.e. less than normal atmospheric level of 20% v/v, e.g. Campylobacter, Helicobacter
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5
Q

What are capnophiles and give examples

A
  • Organisms that require 5 – 10% CO2 for growth, e.g. Brucella, Capnocytophaga
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6
Q

What are some methods for the cultivation of anaerobes

A
  • Anaerobic Jars
  • Anaerobic Cabinets
  • Roll Tube Techniques
  • Robertons cooked meat medium
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7
Q

How does the vacuum/replacement method for anaerobic jars work

A

Remove air with vacuum pump to replace the atmosphere with a gas mix including a palladium catalyst

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8
Q

How does the gas-generating sachets method for anaerobic jars work

A

‘Anaerogen’ sachets - O2 absorbed/CO2 produced/ no catalyst need/no water added

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9
Q

What air composition is used for vacuum anaerobic jars

A

80% N2, 10% H2, 10% CO2

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10
Q

How do anaerobic cabinets work for anaerobe cultivation

A
  • Complete working chamber for anaerobes
  • Contains atmosphere of 80% N2, 10% H2, 20% CO2
  • Pass materials in and out via air lock
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11
Q

Name 3 types of clinically important anaerobes (gram positive genera)

A
  • Cocci - peptostreptococcus
  • Spore-forming rods - Clostridium
  • Non-sporing rods - propionibacterium, eubacterium, actinomyces
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12
Q

Name 3 types of clinically important anaerobes (gram negative genera)

A
  • Cocci - veillonella
  • Rods and Filaments - Bacteriodes, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Campylobacter
  • Spirochaetes - spirochaeta, Treponema
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13
Q

What types of bacteria can be found in/cause dental alveolar/periapical abscesses

A

Oral streptococci and many oral anaerobes - obligate anaerobes are predominant here

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14
Q

What is osteomyelitis and what types of bacteria are often responsible

A
  • Rare disease causing inflammation of the jaw bone cavity

- Anaerobic gram negative rods and streptococcus spp.

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15
Q

What is chronic marginal gingivitis and what types of bacteria are often involved

A
  • Inflammation confined to the soft tissues of the gingiva as a result of dental plaque accumulation - no particular species of bacteria involved
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16
Q

What is Acute Ulcerative Gingivitis (AUG) and what bacterial species are often involved

A
  • Grey gingival pseudomembrane, which is easily removed to reveal a bleeding area and destruction of the interdental papillae
  • Spirochaetes, prevotella intermedia and Fusobacterium spp.
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17
Q

What is periodontitis and what bacteria are often associated with it

A
  • Gingival inflammation extending to the deeper tooth supporting structures with destruction of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone
  • Porphyromonas gingival, prevotella intermedia, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga spp. etc
18
Q

What is pericoronitis and what bacteria are often associated with it

A
  • Inflammation of the soft tissues the surround the crown of a partially erupted tooth esp. mandibular third molars
  • Oral anaerobes including P,. intermedia and fusobacterium nucleatum
19
Q

What is Peri-implantitis and what bacteria are associated with it

A
  • Inflammation around implant systems that replace missing teeth
  • Oral anaerobes esp. P. gingivalis and P. intermedia
20
Q

What is actinomycosis and what bacteria is associated with it

A
  • Formation of a chronic granuloma with swelling
  • In chronic cases multiple discharging sinuses observed
  • Actinomyces Israelii
21
Q

What is Sialadenitis and what bacteria are associated with it

A
  • Infection of the salivary glands

- Streptococcus spp., staphylococcus aureus and gram negative anaerobes

22
Q

Describe the general features of infection with non-spring anaerobes

A
  • Occurs at various body sites
  • Commonly polymicrobial
  • Often found in abscesses and wound infection
  • May be associated with foul-smelling pus or discharge
  • Good anaerobic isolation techniques are needed for diagnosis
  • Treatment may include surgical drainage and antibiotics
23
Q

What type of bacteria are clostridium

A
  • Gram positive large anaerobic rods
24
Q

What does the production of endospores allow for clostridium bacteria

A

enable organisms to survive adverse conditions e.g. soil and on skin

25
Q

Where are clostridium bacteria found

A

In human and animal intestine, soil, water, decaying animal and plant matter

26
Q

Name a few important species of clostridium bacteria

A

C. difficile
C. botulinum
C. tetani
C, septicum

27
Q

What bacterial species causes tetanus

A

Clostridium tetani

28
Q

When does tetanus infection usually occur

A

Following from contamination of deep wound/ injury

29
Q

What toxins does C.tetani produce

A

Tetanospasmin (neurotoxin)

Tetanolysin (haemolysin)

30
Q

Describe the classic morphology of tetanus bacilli

A

Drumstick shape due to round terminal spores

31
Q

What symptoms and complications are associated with tetanus

A
  • Causes trismus (lockjaw) dysphagia
  • Muscle spasms
  • Death by respiratory or cardiac failure
32
Q

What bacterial species causes Botulism

A

Clostridium Botulinum

33
Q

What is Botulism often a result of

A

Ingestion of pre-formed toxin in food esp preserved meats and canned food

34
Q

What types of extremely potent neurotoxins cause human botulism

A

A, B and E

35
Q

What is the basic mechanism of C. Botulinum toxins

A

They block the release of acteylcholine from peripheral motor nerve endings

36
Q

What are the symptoms and conplications associated with Botulism

A
  • Vomiting
  • Thirst
  • Muscle paralysis
  • Death by respiratory or cardiac failure
37
Q

What is Gas Gangrene caused by

A

Histotoxic clostridia that produces a range of lethal and necrotising toxins:

  • C. perfringens, C. novyi, C. septicum
38
Q

What are the 3 stages of infection of gas gangrene

A
  • Contamination
  • Clostridial cellulitis
  • Myonecrosis
39
Q

What happens in gas gangrene

A

Gas is formed in tissues - crepitus

Often a polymicrobial infection of wounds

40
Q

What are the symptoms of gas gangrene

A
  • Fever
  • Shock
  • Delirium
  • Coma
  • Death
41
Q

What treatment is there for gas gangrene

A

May require amputation but cane prevented by proper wound management

FHHD (21 decks)

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