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BMR 601 > BMR TEST 3 Nucleic Acid Structure > Flashcards

BMR TEST 3 Nucleic Acid Structure Flashcards

1
Q

How many rings are there in each latter of the double helix and who donates what?

A

3 rings
2 from purines
1 from pyrimidines

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2
Q

What part of the nucleotide provides the backbone for the double helix?

A

The 5-carbon sugar

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3
Q

What role does the nucleotide’s phosphate play?

A

Energy providing molecule

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4
Q

Describe Chargaff’s Rules?

A

A=T
G=C
Purines = Pyrimidines

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5
Q

How does the nucleotide structure influence DNA structure?

A

The hydrophobic nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds inside the two strands and the hydrophilic 5-carbon sugar provides the external backbone

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6
Q

What is the Primary sequence of DNA

A

Covalently bonded base pair sequence.

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7
Q

What is the Secondary sequence of DNA?

A

The stable structure taken up by some or all of the nucleotides.

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8
Q

Do all tissues in an organism have the same base composition?

A

YES

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9
Q

Most numerous cell in the body with no DNA?

A

Erythrocyte, RBC

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10
Q

Ways to write DNA sequence?

A

pApTpG
dAdTdG
ATG

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11
Q

Number of H bonds between A and T?

A

2

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12
Q

Number of H bonds between G and C?

A

3

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13
Q

Is a DNA sequence weaker if it has a high concentration of A - T or G - C?
why?
How can this be measured?

A

A - T,
less hydrogen bonding.
High AT content DNA has a lower Tm point.

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14
Q

What forces are involved in base stacking? and is it base specific?

A

Dipole interactions,
Van der Walls forces,
Not base specific.

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15
Q

Is hydrogen bonding or base stacking stronger for DNA secondary structrure?

A

Base stacking.

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16
Q

What is the predominant form of DNA?

A

B form

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17
Q

Where is A form helices commonly seen?

A

RNA double helices

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18
Q

What is a palindrome repeat?

A

Repeating mirror sequence on opposite strands

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19
Q

What is a mirror repeat?

A

Repeating mirror sequence on the same strand.

20
Q

Complementary repeats make what?

A

Hairpin structures and cruciforms

21
Q

What is the role of the major groove?

A

Allows sequence specific trans-factors to bind by giving them easier access.

22
Q

Cruciforms play what role?

A

Help form complex structure, and can form Epitopes which will travel along the cytoskeleton to where the mRNA is needed.

23
Q

Where are cruciforms most apt to form?

A

5’ or 3’ ends

24
Q

At what temperature does DNA completely denature?

A

80C

25
Q

If DNA isn’t completely denatured can it reform?

A

Yes

26
Q

What is the process for denatured DNA reforming the double helix? and how does it occur?

A

Annealation, it occurs spontaneously.

27
Q

Is dentaturing ever good and if so when?

A

Yes, DNA replication can only occur when in the single stranded form.

28
Q

What is the hyperchromic Effect? How is it measured?

A

The hyperchromic effect is the sigmoid curve of protein denaturation.
As protein denatures, it absorbs more light.

29
Q

What is the Tm Melting point

A

The point in the Hyperchromic Effect when 50% of the protein is denatured.

30
Q

What is a TATA box?

How does it work?

A

It is the transcription start point.

Low Tm point allows easy denaturation.

31
Q

How is DNA packaged in the HSV-1 virus? Why?

A

Radially packaged

Saves space, can be done due to replication not occurring in the capsid.

32
Q

What were the beads on a string?

A

Nucleosomes

33
Q

Role of Topoisomerase II

A

Critical to maintain underwinding for this structure.

34
Q

What is the centromere?

A

The middle of the X of the chromosome arms.

35
Q

In what phase is the sister chromatid arm made?

A

S phase

36
Q

How many core histone proteins?

A

8

37
Q

What kind of supercoiling do the histones have?

A

Negative

38
Q

What kind of supercoiling do the linker regions have?

A

Positive, due to being wrapped around the negative histone.

39
Q

Role of topoisomerases in Supercoiling?

A

Bind to relieve engineered positive supercoiling stress.

40
Q

Role of supercoiling and how it happens?

A

Supercoiling relieves stress imposed by underwound DNA.

DNA double helix is coiled onto itself.

41
Q

If topoisomerase is inhibited what occurs?

Medical uses?

A

Death occurs
Quinolone Anti-biotics
Anti-cancer agents.

42
Q

Epigenetics is the result of what?

A

Chromatin structure affecting gene expression

43
Q

What are epigenetic modification?

A

Non-sequence based changes to DNA that are propagatable through mitosis or meiosis

44
Q

Role of methylation

A

Sterically inhibits transfactors (Silences genes)

Though some proteins can bind to it which could activate genes.

45
Q

Role of histone modifications

A

Effects ability of nucleosomes to interact with each other.

BMR 601 (19 decks)

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