CNS Flashcards by Paolo Tapiador | Brainscape

Q

Unpaired skull bones

A

Frontal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Vomer
Mandible

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Q

Movable skull bones

A

Vomer

Mandible

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Q

Junction of frontal and nasal bones

A

Nasion

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Q

Jxn of parietonastoid
Occipital
Lambdoid

A

Asterion

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Q

Jxn of frontal
Temporal
Parietal and great wing of sphenoid

A

Pterion

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Q

Jxn of lambdoid and sagittal suture

A

Lambda

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Q

Future site of bregma

A

Anterior fontanelle

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Q

Future site of lambda

A

Posterior fontanelle

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Q

Age of closure of anterior fontanelle

A

18months

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Q

Weakest part of skull

A

Pterion

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Q

Artery may be injured in temporal bone fracture

A

Middle meningeal artery

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Q

Nerve exits anterior cranial fossa

A

cn 1

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Q

Horizontal fracture superior to maxillary alveolar process

A

Leforte I

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Q

Central part of the face separated from cranium

A

Le fort II

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Q

Maxilla and zygomatic separated from cranium

A

Le fort III

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Q

Tendinous sheet covering the calvaria

A

Aponeurosis

GALEA APONEUROTICA

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Q

Layers of SCALP

A

skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Periosteum/pericranium

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Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Forebrain-prosencephalon
Midbrain- mesencephalon
Hindbrain- rhombencephalon

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Q

At 5th week of devt

The prosencephalon becomes…

A

Telencephalon and diencephalon

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Q

At 5th week of devt the mesencephalon becomes

A

None

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Q

At 5th week of devt the rhombencephalon becomes…

A

Metencphslin snd myelencephalon

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Q

Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves
Neurolemmal sheath of PNS
Meninges
Pigmented cells of retina
Cells of adrenal medulla
Are derivatives of...

A

Neural crest cells

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Q

Failure of ncc migration, mutation in RET gene, absent auerbach and meissner plexus
PE: squirt sign

A

Hirschsprung dx

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Q

Structure which divides supratentorial and infra tentorial

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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Q

Meninges of the brain

A

Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

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Q

Dura mater extensions

A

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli

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Q

Sensory supply of dura matter

A

Trigeminal and first 3 cervical nerves

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Q

Membrane covering between pia and dura mater

A

Arachnoid

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Q

Space filled with CSF

A

Subarachnoid space

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Q

Gyrus fxn:

Precentral gyrus

A

Motor cortex

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Q

Gyrus fxn:

Postcentral gyrus

A

Primary somatosensory

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Q

Gyrus fxn:

Heschl gyrus

A

Primary auditory cortex

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Q

Gyrus fxn:

Occipital lobe BA 17

A

Primary visual area

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Q

Gyrus fxn:

Inferior frontal gyrus BA 44-45

A

Motor aphasia

Brocas

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Q

Gyrus fxn:

Superior temporal gyrus BA 22

A

Sensory aphasia

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Q

Lobes separated by cingulate sulcus from cingulate gyrus

A

Frontal and parietal

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Q

Artery affected
Motor and sensory of lower limb
Contralateral paralysis and sensory loss of lower limb

A

ACA

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Q

Artery affected
Contralateral Upper limb and face, temporal lobe, and frontal lobe
Dominant: aphasia
Non dominant: hemineglect

A

MCA

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Q

Artery affected
Occipital lobe
Contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing

A

PCA

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Q

Decussation of corticospinal tract

A

Lower medulla

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Q

Manifestation if lesion is above level of decussation

A

Contralateral

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Q

Manifestation if lesion is below level of decussation

A

Ipsilateral

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Q

Only sensory does not reach thalamus

A

Smell

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Q

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:

Medial geniculate

A

Auditory

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Q

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:

Lateral geniculate

A

Visual

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Q

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:

VPM

A

Sensory

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Q

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:

VPL and ventral anterior

A

Motor

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Q

Sensations transmitted by thalamic nuclei:

Anterior

A

Emotional tone and memory

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Q

Syndrom of thalamic infarction which manifest as pure sensory loss and HEMILATERAL PAIN on contralateral side without weakness (hypersensitive)

A

Dejerine- roussy syndrome

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Q

Cerebellum:
Coordination of movements, regulate muscle tone
Also known: paleocerebellum or spino cerebellum

A

Anterior lobe

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Q

Cerebellum:
Coordinate voluntary movements
Known: neocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum

A

Posterior love

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Q

Cerebellum:
Equilibrium
Known: archicerebellum or vestibulocerebellum

A

Floculonodular love

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Q

Cerebellar lesions:
Ataxia
Dysmetria
Dysdiadochokinesia
Intention tremor
Usually vascular

A

Posterior lobe syndrom

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Q

Cerebellar lesions:
Marked gait instability
Usually metabolic

A

Anterior lobe syndrome

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Q

Cerebellar lesions:
Truncal ataxia
Usually neoplastic
Medulloblastoma

A

Floculonodular lobe syndrome

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Q

Loc of lateral ventricle

A

Each cerebral hemispheres

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Q

Loc of 3rd ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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Q

Loc of 4th ventricle

A

Hindbrain

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Q

CSF flow

A

LV
IVF/ Foramen of Monroe
3rd ventricle
Aqueduct of sylvius or iter
4th ventricle
Foramen of magendie ans luschka
Subarachnoid space 
Arachnoid villi
Superior sagittal sinus
Transverse sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Internal jugular vein

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Q

Produces CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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Q

Site of lumbar puncture

A

L3-4

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Q

Composed of corpus striatum, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

A

Basal ganglia

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Q

Disease with degeneration of Substantia nigra

A

Parkinson disease

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Q

Disease usually results from damage to the contralateral subthalamic nucleus usually results from stroke of PCA

A

Hemiballismus

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Q

CN purely sensory

A

CN I, II VIII

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Q

CN purely motor

A

CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII

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Q

CN both sensory and motor

A

CN V, VII, IX, X

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Q

CN with Parasympathetic components

A

CN III
VII
IX
X

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Q

CN pass anterior cranial fossa

A

CN I

Q

CN pass middle cranial fossa

A

CN II
III
IV
V 
VI

Q

CN pass posterior cranial fossa

A

CN VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
I

Q

Structure in foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary nerve CN V2

Q

Structure in optic canal

A

CN II and ophthalmic artery

Q

Structure in foramen ovale

A

CN V3

Accessory meningeal artery

Q

Structure in internal acoustic meatus

A

CN VII
VIII
LABYRINTHINE ARTERY

Q

Structure in jugular foramen

A

CN IV X XI

POSTERIOR MENINGEAL ARTERY

Q

structure in hypoglossal canal

A

CN XII

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:

Anosmia

A

CN I

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Blindness
Loss of direct pupillary reflex

A

CN II

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Deafness
Loss of balance
Absent vestibulo ocular reflex

A

CNN VIII

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Diplopia
Ptosis
Dilated and fixed pupil

A

CN III

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Diplopia
Extorsion of eyes
Weak downward gaze

A

CN IV

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Diplopia
Medial deviation
Abductor paralysis

A

CN VI

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Facial hemianesthesia, paralysis of msc mastication
Deviation of jaw to weak side
Loss of GENERAL sensation of ant 2/3 of tongue

A

CN V

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Facial paralysis, loss of corneal blink reflex 
Hyperacusis
Dry mouth, loss of lacrimation
Loss of TASTE of ant 2/3 👅

A

CN VII

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Dysphagia
Loss of taste and common sensation of posterior tongue 👅
Loss of gag

A

CN IX

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:

Dysphonia, dyspnea, dysarthria, dysphagia, loss of gag, uvula deviation

A

CN X

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:

Weakness of head turning toward opposite side and shoulder shrugging

A

CN XI

Q

Lesions of cranial nerve:
Hemiparalysis of tongue 👅
Deviation towards weak side

A

CN XII

Q

Branches of common carotid artery

A

External and interna carotid

Q

What divides subclavian artery into 3 parts

A

SCALENOUS ANTERIOR

Q

Main arteries of CIRCLE OF WILLIS

A

Internal carotid
Vertebral
Basilar

Q

Arteries where occulomotor nerve passes at the base of the brain

A

Posterior cerebral- posterior communicating arteries

Q

Saccular dilatations of walls arteries

Worst headache

A

Berry aneurysm

Q

Most common loc of berry aneurysm

A

Anterior part of circle of willis (ant communicating, posterior communicating or MCA)

Q

Dangerous area/triangle of the face

A

Root of nose and twi angles of mouth

Q

Dermal origin of fascial msc

A

Mesoderm of 2nd pharyngeal arche

Q

Nerve supply of muscles of facial expression

A

Facial nerve

Q

Trumpeters musc

Blowing/sucking msc

A

Buccinator

Q

Smiling musc

A

Zygomaticus

Q

Grinning musc

A

Risorius

Q

Chin msc

A

Mentalis

Q

Kissing msc

A

Orbicularis oris

Q

Bloof supply of face

A

External carotid

Q

Venous drainage of face

A

Facial vein and retromandibular vein

Q

From infections of orbit, nasal sinus, superior part of face

Dangerous triangle

A

Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Q

Structures affected in cavernous sinus thrombosis

A

CN III IV VI, V1 V2

Internal carotid artery

Q

Great cerebral vein of Galen directly drains to

A

Straight sinus

Q

Type intracranial hemorrhage: 
Middle meningeal artery
Presses motor area in precentral gyrus
Convex
Lenticular

A

Epidural

Q

Type intracranial hemorrhage: 
Tearing of superior cerebral veins or bridging veins
Trauma
Concave
Crescent

A

Subdural

Q

Type intracranial hemorrhage:
Ruptured congenital aneurysm
Blood stained csf
Hyperattenuation of circle of willis

A

Subarachnoid

Q

Type intracranial hemorrhage: 
Lenticulostriate artery of middle cerebral 
Hemiplegia of opposite side
Within brain parenchyma 
Hyperattenuation of brain parenchyma

A

Cerebral

Q

Msc that opens jaw

A

Lateral pterygoid

Q

Msc closes jaw

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid

Q

Motor innervation of msc of mastication

A

Trigeminal nerve

Q

Terminal branches of facial nerve

A

Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical

Q

Efferent limb of corneal blink reflex

A

Facial nerve

Q

Afferent limb of corneal blink reflex

A

Nasocilliary nerve of V1

Q

Innervation of msc of phonation

A

Cn X

Vagus

Q

Innervation of msc of deglutition

A

cn IX

glossopharyngeal

Q

Composition of nasal septum

A

Ethmoid
Vomer
Septal cartilage

Q

Sinuses present at birth

A

Maxillary

Ethmoid

Q

Opening at superior meatus

A

Posterior ethmoidal sinus

Q

Opening at middle meatus

A

Anterior ethmoid sinus
Middle ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Frontal sinus

Q

Opening at inferior meatus

A

Nasolacrimal duct

Q

Composition of Kiesselbach plexus:

A

Sphenopalatine, greater palatine, anterior ethmoidal, superior labial

Q

Kind of muscle of the tongue 👅

A

Striated muscle

Q

Divides tongue into right and left

A

Median groove/ median sulcus

Q

Attachment of tongue superiorly

A

Styloid process and soft palate

Q

Attachment of tongue 👅 below

A

Mandible and hyoid bone

Q

Intrinsic msc of the tongue innervation

A

Hypoglossal nerve

Q

Extrinsic msc of the tongue

A

Palatoglossus
Styloglossys
Hypoglossus
Genioglossus

Q

Innervation of tongue ext msc EXCEPT palatoglossus

A

Cn XII

Q

Innervation of palatoglossus

A

CN 10

Q

Epiglottis receives innervation for both general and taste sensory from

A

Internal laryngeal of VAGUS nerve

Q

Blood supply kf tongue

A

Lingual artery from external carotid

Q

Venous drainage of tongue

A

Lingual vein from internal jugular vein

Q

Internal strabismus results from injury to what nerve

A

CN VI

Q

Optic pathway

Monocular vision loss

A

Optic nerve

Q

Optic pathway

Bitemporal hemianopsia

A

Optic chiasm

Q

Optic pathway

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

A

Optic tract

Q

Optic pathway

Contralateral superior quadrantanopsia

A

Inferior optic radiation
Temporal pathway
Mayers loop

Q

Optic pathway

Contralateral inferior quadrantanopsia

A

Superior optic radiation

Q

Another name of pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis cerebri

Q

Location of pituitary gland

A

Sella turcica (part of sphenoid bone)

Q

Parts adenohypophysis (anterior pit)

A

Para distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

Q

Parts of neurohypophysis (posterior)

A

Pars nervosa

Infundibulum

Q

Blood supply of anterior pituitary

A

Superior hypophyseal artery from internal carotid artery

Q

Blood supply of posterior pituitary and infundibulum

A

Superior hypophyseal artery
Infundibular artery
Inferior hypophyseal artery

Q

Origin of anterior pituitary

A

Rathke pouch

Hypophyseal pouch

Q

Origin of posterior pituitary

A

Neurohypophysial bud

Q

Hormones secreted by posterior pituitary

A

ADH

OXYTOCIN

Q

Another name of pineal gland

A

Epiphysis cerebri

Q

Hormone produced by pineal gland

A

Melatonin

Q

Calcified secretions of pineal gland

A

Corpora arenacea

Brain sands

Q

Innervation of auricle

A

CN V VII X

Q

Innervation of external auditory meatus

A

CN V VII IX X

Q

Innervation of external surface of TM

A

CN V VII IX X

Q

Nerve supply of internal surface of TM

A

CN IX

Q

Seen At thr anteroinferior quadrant of TM

A

Cone of light

Q

CN that runs at thr tympanic cavity

A

Chorda tympani branch of CN VII

Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

Q

Membrane that separates scala media and scala tympani

A

Basilar membrane

Q

ChAnnels of the cochlea from superior to inferior

A

Scala vestibuli
Scala media
Scala tympani

Q

Separates scala vestibuli and media

A

Vestibular membrane or

Reissner membrane

Q

Fluid in scala media and tympani

A

Perilymph

Q

Fluid in scala media

A

Endolymph

Q

Sensory organ for linear acceleration

A

Maculae utricle and saccule

Q

Organ for angular acceleration

A

Ampullae of semicircular duct

Q

Normal anatomical position of the human body

A

Body erect, head anterior and forearm on the side supinated, lower limbs close together with parallel feet