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Z YEAR 2 BRS NEURO > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

What does the cerebral cortex cover?

A

Entire surface of brain

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2
Q

What does the cerebral cortex contain?

A

grey matter (with the deep nuclei)

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3
Q

How is the cerebral cortex folded?

A

gyri + sulci

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4
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised?

A

lobes, layers, columns

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5
Q

What are the layers in the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Molecular layer (I)
  2. External granular layer (II)
  3. External pyramidal layer (III)
  4. Internal granular layer (IV)
  5. Internal pyramidal layer (V)
  6. Multiform layer (VI)
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6
Q

How many regions are there in the brain?

A

52

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7
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  1. Regulating and initiating motor function
  2. Language
  3. Cognitive Function (executive function {e.g. planning}
  4. Attention
  5. Memory
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8
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  1. Sensation - touch, pain
  2. Sensory aspects of language
  3. Spatial orientation
  4. Self perception
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9
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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10
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  1. Processing auditory information
  2. Emotions
  3. Memories
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11
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A
  1. amygdala
  2. hippocampus
  3. mamillary body
  4. cingulate gyrus
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12
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A
  1. Learning
  2. Memory
  3. Emotion
  4. Motivation
  5. Reward
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13
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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14
Q

What is the insular cortex concerned with?

A
  1. Sensations
  2. Autonomic control
  3. Interoception
  4. Auditory processing
  5. Visual vestibular integration
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15
Q

What do association fibres connect?

A

connect areas within the same hemisphere (short and long ones)

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16
Q

What do commissural fibres connect?

A

connect homologous structure in left and right hemispheres

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17
Q

What do projection fibres connect?

A

connect cortex with lower brain structure (e.g. thalamus, brain stem and spinal cord)

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18
Q

What do superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

connects frontal and occipital lobes

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19
Q

What do arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

connects frontal and temporal lobes

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20
Q

What do inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

connects temporal and occipital lobes

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21
Q

What do uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

connects anterior and temporal lobes

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22
Q

What is cytoararcheitecture?

A

cell size, spacing, packing density and layers

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23
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies + glial cells around 85 billion of each

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24
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons arranged in tracts

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25
Q

What are afferent projection fibres?

A

Towards cortex

26
Q

What are efferent projection fibres?

A

Away from cortex

27
Q

What is the function of the primary cortices like?

A

predictable

28
Q

What is the organisation of the primary cortices like?

A

topographical

29
Q

What is the symmetry like in the primary cortices?

A

symmetry between left and right

30
Q

What is the function of the secondary/association cortices like?

A

less predictable

31
Q

What is the organisation of the secondary/association cortices like?

A

not organised topographically

32
Q

What is the symmetry like in the secondary/association cortices?

A

left-right symmetry weak or absent

33
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe primary motor cortex?

A
  • Controls fine, discrete precise voluntary movements

- Provides designs signals to execute movements

34
Q

What is the function of the front lobe supplementary area?

A

planning movements (e.g. external cued)

35
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe premotor area?

A

planning complex movements (e.g. internally cued)

36
Q

What does the parietal lobe primary somatosensory area process?

A

somatic sensations arising from receptors in the body (e.g. fine touch, vibration, two point discrimination, proprioception, pain and temperature)

37
Q

What does the parietal lobe somatosensory association interpret?

A
  • significance of sensory information, e.g. recognizing an object placed in the hand
  • Awareness of self and awareness of personal space
38
Q

What does the occipital lobe primary visual area process?

A

visual stimuli

39
Q

What does the occipital lobe visual association area do?

A

Gives meaning and interpretation of auditory input

40
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A
  1. Attention
  2. Adjusting social behaviour
  3. Planning
  4. Personality expression
  5. Decision Making
41
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A

production of language

42
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in?

A

understanding of language

43
Q

What would a frontal lobe lesion result in?

A
  • Changes in personality

- Inappropriate behaviour

44
Q

What would a partietal lobe lesion result in if lesion in right hemisphere?

A
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Lack of awareness of self on left side
  • Lack of awareness of left side of extra personal space
45
Q

What would a temporal lobe lesion result in?

A

agnosia (inability to recognise)

46
Q

What would a lesion in Broca’s area result in?

A

Expressive aphasia – poor production of speech, comprehension intact

47
Q

What would a lesion in Wenicke’s area result in?

A

Receptive aphasia – poor comprehension of speech, production is fine

48
Q

What would a lesion in the primary visual cortex result in?

A

Blindness in the corresponding part of the visual field

49
Q

What would a lesion in the visual association result in?

A

deficits in interpretation of visual information e.g. prosopagnosia: inability to recognise familiar faces or learn new faces (face blindness)

50
Q

What imaging is used to assess cortical function?

A
  • Positron emission tomography (PET)brain region

- fMRI

51
Q

What encephalography used to assess cortical function?

A
  • Electroencephalography (EEG):

- Magnetoencephalography – (MEG)

52
Q

What brain stimulation is sued to asses cortical function

A

TMS and tDCS

53
Q

What is DTI?

A

based on diffusion of water molecules

54
Q

What is tractography?

A

DTI with tractography: 3D reconstruction to assess neural tracts

55
Q

What is MEG?

A

Measures magnetic signals produces by the brain

event related potential / evoked potentials

56
Q

What is EEG?

A

Measures electrical signals produces by the brain

57
Q

What is PET?

A

blood flow directly to brain region (radiaoctive glucose)

58
Q

What if fMRI?

A

amount of blood oxygen in a brain region

59
Q

What is TMS?

A
  • Assess the function integrity of neural circuits

- Uses electromagnetic induction to stimulation neurones

60
Q

What is tDCS?

A

Uses low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

61
Q

How are projection fibres organised?

A
  • Deeper to cortex radiate as the corona radiate

- Converge through internal capsule between thalamus and basal ganglia

Z YEAR 2 BRS NEURO (21 decks)

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