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Z YEAR 2 BRS NEURO > Visual System 1 > Flashcards

Visual System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of tears in the lacrimal system?

A
  1. basal
  2. reflex
  3. emotional (crying)
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2
Q

What is the afferent source in the lacrimal system?

A

cornea, cranial nerve V1 – ophthalmic trigeminal

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3
Q

What is the efferent source in the lacrimal system?

A

parasympathetic

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4
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the lacrimal system?

A

acetylcholine

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5
Q

What is produced by the lacrimal gland?

A

Tears

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6
Q

How do tears drain?

A

through the two puncta, openings on medial lid margin

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7
Q

How do tears flow?

A

through superior and inferior canalicul

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8
Q

Where do tears gather?

A

Tear sac

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9
Q

How do tears exit ear sac?

A

Through tear duct into nasal cavity

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10
Q

Where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

within the orbit,

latero-superior to the globe

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11
Q

Are tears only produced sometimes? What is it called?

A

It produces tear at a constant level,

even in the absence of irritation or stimulation - basal tear

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12
Q

What do reflex tears refer to?

A

the increased tear production,

in response to ocular irritation

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13
Q

What is the tear reflex pathway made up of?

A
  1. afferent pathway
  2. central nervous system
  3. efferent pathway,
  4. and the lacrimal gland
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14
Q

What is the cornea innervated by?

A

-sensory nerve fibres via the Ophthalmic Branch of the Trigeminal Nerve

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15
Q

What does the afferent pathway do?

A

trigeminal nerve relays signal to the central nervous system

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16
Q

What is the efferent pathway mediated by?

A

parasympathetic nerve

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17
Q

What is the lacrimal gland innervated by?

A

Lacrimal nerve (branch of ophthalmic nerve)

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18
Q

What do the puncta form?

A

the opening of the superior and inferior canaliculi within the upper and lower eyelids

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19
Q

What do both canaliculi converge as?

A

as one single common canaliculus,

and drain tear into the tear sac

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20
Q

What does the tear film do?

A
  1. Maintains smooth cornea-air surface
  2. Oxygen supply to Cornea – normal cornea has no blood vessels
  3. Removal of debris (tear film and blinking)
  4. Bactericide
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21
Q

What does the mucinous Layer corneal surface do?

A

Maintains surface wetting

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22
Q

What is a healthy cornea covered by?

A

the tear film,

a thin layer of fluid

23
Q

What does the tear film maintain?

A

a smooth cornea-to-air surface

24
Q

What are the three layers of the tear film?

A
  1. Lipid layer on the top
  2. Aqueous Tear Film Layer in the middle
  3. Mucinous layer
25
Q

What is the lipid layer responsible for?

A

protecting the tear film from rapid evaporation

26
Q

What is the lipid layer secreted by?

A

Meibomian Glands,

situated along the eyelid margins

27
Q

What does the aqueous tear film layer do?

A
  1. delivers oxygen and nutrient to the surrounding tissue.

2. contains factors against potentially harmful bacteria.

28
Q

What does the Mucinous layer do?

A
  1. ensures that the tear film sticks to the eye surface.

2. renders the surface of the eye “wettable”.

29
Q

What do the mucin molecule in the mucinous layer do?

A

binding water molecules,

to the hydrophobic corneal epithelial cell surface

30
Q

What is the conjunctive?

A

Thin, transparent tissue that covers the outer surface of the eye

31
Q

What is the path of the conjunctiva?

A
  • begins at the outer edge of the cornea
  • covers the visible part of the eye
  • lines the inside of the eyelids
32
Q

What is the conjunctive nourished by?

A

tiny blood vessels that are nearly invisible to the naked eye

33
Q

What is the anteroposterior diameter of the eye?

A

24mm in the adults

34
Q

What are the 3 layers of eye?

A
  1. Sclera: hard and opaque
  2. Choroid: pigmented and vascular
  3. Retina: neurosensory tissue
35
Q

What is the sclera?

A

‘white of the eye’

36
Q

What is the sclera made of?

A

tough, opaque tissue, high water content

37
Q

What is the function of sclera?

A

eye’s protective outer coata and maintains shape

38
Q

What are the 5 layers of cornea?

A

1 – Epithelium
2 – Bowman’s membrane
3 – Stroma – its regularity contributes towards transparency
4- Descemet’s membrane
5- Endothelium – pumps fluid out of corneal and prevents corneal oedema

39
Q

What is the endothelium of the cornea function?

A

pumps fluid out of corneal and prevents corneal oedema

40
Q

What is the cornea?

A

transparent, dome-shaped window covering the front of the eye

41
Q

What is the water content of the cornea?

A

Low

42
Q

What is the purpose of the cornea?

A

Powerful refracting surface, providing 2/3 of the eye’s focusing power

43
Q

Where and what is the uvea?

A

Vascular coat of eyeball and lies between the sclera and retina

44
Q

What are the three parts of the uvea? Are they connected?

A
  1. iris
  2. ciliary body
  3. choroid
    - Intimately connected and a disease of one part also affects the other portions though not necessarily to the same degree
45
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A
  1. providing circulation to the eye

2. shielding out unwanted scattered light

46
Q

What is the retina responsible for?

A

converting light into neurological impulses,

to be transmitted to the brain via the Optic Nerve

47
Q

Where is the choroid?

A

lies between the retina and sclera

48
Q

What is choroid made of and why is it good?

A

layers of blood vessels that nourish the back of the eye

49
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Controls light levels inside the eye similar to the aperture on a camera

50
Q

Where is the iris?

A

Round opening in the centre is the pupil

51
Q

What is the iris embedded with?

A

tiny muscles that dilate (widen) and constrict (narrow) the pupil size

52
Q

What is the structure of the lens?

A
  • Outer acellular capsule
  • Regular inner elongated cell fibres – transparency
  • May loose transparency with age – cataract
53
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A
  1. Transparency
  2. Regular structure
  3. Refractive Power
  4. 1/3 of the eye focusing power - higher refractive index than aqueous fluid and vitreous
  5. Accommodation (long and far vision)
  6. Elasticity
54
Q

Does the cornea have blood supply?

A

Transparent so no blood vessels and receives nutrients via diffusion from her fluid at the outside and the aqueous humour at the inside

Z YEAR 2 BRS NEURO (21 decks)

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