Ch1 Review: Physical, inorganic and organic chemistry

Question 1

according to bronsted lowry

Answer 1

any reaction that involves a transfer of hydrogen ion is acid/base reaction

Question 2

dissociation is

Answer 2

process in which mol’(or ion/complex) separate into smaller particles in a reversable manner.

Question 3

electrolyte is

Answer 3

substance whose aq solution conduct electricity (acid,base and salt)

Question 4

osmosis is

Answer 4

process by which molecules of a solvent pass through a semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one.

Question 5

osmotic pressure

Answer 5

amount of pressure needed to stop net movement of solvent

Question 6

solubility is

Answer 6

degree to which a substance dissolves in a solvent to make a solution

Question 7

mole is

Answer 7

Question 8

molar mass

Answer 8

Question 9

mole

Answer 9

Question 11

two acid theories

Answer 11

Question 12

what is Ka?

Answer 12

Question 13

pH calculation:

Answer 13

Question 14

Electrolytes:

Answer 14

substances which dissociate to ions during interaction with molecules of a polar solvent and are capable of conducting an electric current in the solution

Question 15

Answer 15

In extremely diluted solutions of strong electrolytes, their ions are in a sufficient distance from each

other and their charges are not mutually influenced. Because of electrostatic ion-ion interactions in the

solution, the more concentrated solutions of strong electrolytes behave differently from an ideal state.

Due to electrostatic forces the ions are less mobile and the solution behaves as if there were a lower

number of ions. These differences are expressed by correction coefficients.

The product of the activity coefficient and concentration then gives the activity of ions ai

The unit of activity is the same as that for concentration, to which it is related (mol l−1 or mol kg−1 of H2O).

Question 16

conjugate pair

Answer 16

According to the Brønsted-Lowry theory, an acid is a proton donor, a base is a proton acceptor. When

H+ is released from the acid, its conjugate base is formed. When a base accepts a proton, it is transformed

into the conjugate acid. Acid and its conjugate base or the base and its conjugate acid form a

conjugate pair.

Question 17

autoprotolysis:

Answer 17

self-ionisation

example: Water molecules have an amphiprotic character – they can release or accept protons.

Question 18

Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

Answer 18

Question 19

The oxidation state,

Answer 19

The oxidation state, sometimes referred to as oxidation number, describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state, which may be positive, negative or zero, is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic, with no covalent component. This is never exactly true for real bonds.