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MCAT - Behavioural Sciences > Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness and Language > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Cognition, Consciousness and Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Information Processing Model?

A

The study of cognition that looks at how our brains process and react to the information overload presented to us. The brain ranks importance of various stimuli below the level of conscious awareness.

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2
Q

What are the 3 steps in the Information Processing Mode,?

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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3
Q

What is Fluid Intelligence?

A

Consists of problem solving skills.

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4
Q

What is Crystallized Intelligence?

A

More related to use of learned skills and knowledge.

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5
Q

What is Delirium?

A

Rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused be medical (non-psychological causes).

*Rapidness/time course differentiates it from dementia

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6
Q

What are Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor
  2. Preoperational
  3. Concrete Operational
  4. Formal Operational
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7
Q

What are the key features of the Sensorimotor Stage?

A

Focuses on manipulating the environment for physical needs; circular reactions; ends with object permeance.

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8
Q

What are the key features of the Preoperational Stage?

A

Focuses on symbolic thinking, egocentricism, and centration.

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9
Q

What are the key features of the Concrete Operational Stage?

A

Focuses on understanding the feelings and manipulating physical (concrete objects).

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10
Q

What are the key features of the Formal Operational Stage?

A

Focuses on abstract thought and problem solving.

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11
Q

What does Problem Solving require?

A

Requires identification and understanding of the problem, generation of problem solutions, and evaluation of results.

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12
Q

What is a Mental State?

A

A pattern of approach for a given problem. An inappropriate mental state may negatively affect problem solving.

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13
Q

What is Functional Fixedness?

A

The tendency to use objects only in the way they are normally utilized, which may create barriers to problem solving.

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14
Q

What are the 4 types of Problem Solving?

A
  1. Trial-and-Error
  2. Algorithms
  3. Deductive Reasoning (deriving conclusions from general rules)
  4. Inductive Reasoning (deriving generalizations from evidence).
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15
Q

What are Heuristics?

A

Shortcuts or rules of thumb used to make decisions.

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16
Q

What are Biases?

A

Exist when an experimenter or decision maker is unable to objectively evaluate information.

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17
Q

What is Intuition?

A

A “gut-feeling” which can often be attributed to experience with similar situations.

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18
Q

What is Availability Heuristic?

A

Used for making decisions based on how easily similar instances can be imagined.

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19
Q

What is Representative Heuristic?

A

Used for making decisions based on how much a particular item or situation fits a given prototype or stereotype.

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20
Q

What are Gardener’s 7 Areas of Intelligence?

A
  1. Linguistic
  2. Logical-Math
  3. Musical
  4. Visual-Spatial
  5. Bodily-Kinesthetic
  6. Interpersonal
  7. Intrapersonal
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21
Q

What is Consciousness?

A

One’s level of awareness of both the world and one’s own existence.

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22
Q

What is Alertness?

A

The stats of being awake and able to think, perceive, process, and express information. Beta and alpha waves predominate on electroencephalography (EEG)

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23
Q

What are the 6 Stages of Sleep? What are their corresponding EEG waves?

A
  1. Awake: Alpha and beta
  2. Stage 1: Theta
  3. Stage 2: Theta
  4. Stage 3: Delta
  5. Stage 4: Delta
  6. REM: Mostly Beta
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24
Q

What are the features of Stage 1?

A

Light sleep and dozing.

25
Q

What are the features of Stage 2?

A

Slightly deeper and includes sleep spindles and k complexes.

26
Q

What are the features of Stage 3?

A

Deep slow-wave sleep: dreams, declarative memory consolidation. Sleep wake disorders

27
Q

What are the features of Stage 4?

A

Deep slow-wave sleep: dreams, declarative memory consolidation. Sleep wake disorders

28
Q

What are the features of REM?

A

Sometimes called paradoxical sleep. A person appears awake physiologically but is asleep. Eye movement and paralysis occur; dreaming in REM focuses on consolidating procedural memories.

29
Q

How long is the average sleep cycle for adults? What is the order of the cycle?

A

Approximately 90 minutes; normal cycle is Stage 1-2-3-4-3-2-REM or just Stage 1-2-3-4-REM. REM becomes more frequent toward the morning.

30
Q

What triggers the release of Melatonin by the Pineal Gland?

A

Light changes toward the evening.

31
Q

What hormone is released in the early morning to help with wakefulness?

A

Cortisol

32
Q

What are the 4 predominant Dyssomnia Sleep-Wake Disorders?

A
  1. Insomnia
  2. Narcolepsy
  3. Sleep Apnea
  4. Sleep Deprivation
33
Q

What are the 2 predominant Parasommnia Sleep-Wake Disorders?

A
  1. Night terrors

2. Sleepwalking (somnambulism)

34
Q

What are the 4 Conscious-Altering Drug groups?

A
  1. Depressants
  2. Stimulants
  3. Opiates/Opioids
  4. Hallucinogens
35
Q

What do Depressants do?

A

Promote or mimic GABA activity in the brain. Examples include alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines.

36
Q

What do Stimulants do?

A

Increase dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin concentration of the synaptic cleft. Examples include amphetamines, cocaine, and ecstasy.

37
Q

What do Opiates/Opioids do?

A

Can cause death via respiratory depression. Examples include heroin, morphine, opium and prescription pain medications like oxycodone and hydrocodone.

38
Q

What are some examples of Hallucinogens?

A

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD), peyote, mescaline, ketamine, and psilocybin-containing mushrooms.

39
Q

What are the properties of Marijuana?

A

Has depressant, stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. Its active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

40
Q

What mediates drug addiction?

A

The Mesolimbic Pathway

41
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the Mesolimbic Pathway?

A
  1. Nucleus Accumbens
  2. Medial Forebrain Bundle
  3. Ventral Tegmental Area
42
Q

What is Attention?

A

Refers to concentration on one aspect of the sensory environment or sensorium.

43
Q

What is Selective Attention?

A

Allows one to pay attention to a particular stimulus while determining if additional stimulus in the background require attention.

44
Q

What is Divided Attention?

A

Uses automatic processing to pay attention to multiple activities at once.

45
Q

What is Phonology?

A

The actual sound of speech.

46
Q

What is Morphology?

A

The building blocks of words, such as rules for pluralization and past tense.

47
Q

What are Semantics?

A

The meaning of words.

48
Q

What is Syntax?

A

The rules dictating word order.

49
Q

What are Pragmatics?

A

The changes in language delivery depending on context.

50
Q

How does the Nativist (Biological) Theory explain language?

A

Language acquisition is innate and controlled by the language acquisition device (LAD).

51
Q

How does the Learning (Behaviourist) Theory explain language?

A

Language acquisition is being controlled by operant conditioning and reinforcement by parents and caregivers.

52
Q

How does the Social Interaction Theory explain language?

A

Language acquisition is caused by motivation to communicate and interact with others.

53
Q

What does the Whorfian (Linguistic Relativity) Hypothesis suggest?

A

The lens through which we view the world is created by language.

54
Q

What are Arcuate Fasciculus?

A

Connect Wernicke’s Area to Broca’s. Damage results in aphasia.

55
Q

What is the Language Milestone for Age 9-12 months?

A

Babbling

56
Q

What is the Language Milestone for Age 12-18 months?

A

Addition of roughly one new word per month to vocabulary.

57
Q

What is the Language Milestone for Age 18-20 months?

A

“Explosion of Language” and combining words to form small sentences.

58
Q

What is the Language Milestone for Age 2-3 years?

A

Longer sentences of 3 or more words.

59
Q

What is the Language Milestone for Age 5 years?

A

Language rules largely mastered.

MCAT - Behavioural Sciences (12 decks)

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