Clinical Manifestations in GI Disorders (Adults Pt 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Manifestations of the GI Tract

A

Anorexia, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and evidence of GI bleeding are clinical manifestations of many disorders of the GI tract.

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2
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack of desire to eat despite physiologic stimuli that would normally produce hunger

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3
Q

Cachexia

A

Associated with an underlying illness (cancer, CHF, COPD) causing ongoing muscle loss (not fat loss) that is not entirely reversed w/ nutritional supplementation. Causes SYSTEMIC inflammation.

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4
Q

Vomiting

A

Emptying the stomach and intestinal contents through the mouth.

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5
Q

Vomiting can lead to ____,____,____, and disturbances such as hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, and _____.

A

Fluid, electrolyte, acid base, metabolic acidosis

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6
Q

What happens when someone vomits in the GI system?

A

GI contraction and reverse peristalsis of the esophagus. Preceded by nausea and retching (dry heaving) with the exception of projectile vomiting.

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7
Q

Define Retching (dry heaving)

A

Reverse movement (retroperistalsis) of the stomach & esophagus without vomiting.

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8
Q

Vomiting is associated with direct stimulation of the vomiting center in the Brian called ______ makes up the brain stem structure: midbrain, pons, and medulla.

A

Medulla oblongata

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9
Q

Projectile vomiting

A

Spontaneous vomiting that does not follow nausea or retching

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10
Q

Constipation

A

Infrequent or difficulty defecation

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11
Q

Normal Bowel Elimination

A

2 - 3 per day / 1 per week

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12
Q

What are the 4 classifications for constipation ?

A

Normal transit (functional), slow transit constipation, pelvic floor dysfunction, secondary

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13
Q

Normal Transit (functional) constipation

A

Normal rate, but difficulty getting stool out (due to low residual, low fluid diet, and sedentary lifestyle

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14
Q

Slow Transit Constipation

A

Impaired colonic motor activity with infrequent bowel movements; straining, abdominal distinction, palpable stool

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15
Q

Pelvic Floor Dysfunction

A

Failure of the pelvic floor muscles and sphincter to relax with defecation (ex pregnancy)

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16
Q

Secondary Constipation.

A

From an actual disease processes, diet, medications. Ex: Neurogenic disease drugs that decrease intestinal motility, endocrine, or metabolic disorders or obstruction

17
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of constipation:

A

Two of the following for at least 3 months: Straining, lumpy hard stools, incomplete emptying, manual maneuvers to facilitate stool evacuation, fewer than 3 bowel movements per week

18
Q

Fecal impaction is also considered a clinical manifestation of constipation. T or F

A

True: Fecal impaction is when you have hard dry stool retained in the rectum.

19
Q

5 different types of diarrhea

A

Osmotic, secretory, exudative, inflammatory, motility

20
Q

Osmotic Diarrhea

A

Draws water into the lumen by osmosis, causes diarrhea. Osmotic diarrhea stops when the offending agent is stopped. Ex: Osmotic laxatives, too much magnesium or Vitamin C, undigested lactose, fructose malabsorption.

21
Q

Secretory Diarrhea

A

Cholera toxin; Diarrhea continues even when there is no oral food intake.

22
Q

Exudative Diarrhea

A

Blood and pus in the stool. Ex: IBD, E.coli, food poisoning

23
Q

Inflammatory Diarrhea

A

Damage to the mucosal lining, or brush border. Leads to a passive loss of protein - rich fluids & decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids.

24
Q

Motility Diarrhea

A

Excessive motility decreases transit time, mucosal surface contact, & opportunities for fluid absorption.

25
Q

Manifestations of acute bacterial or viral infection with Diarrhea:

A

FEVER, with or without vomiting or cramping pain

26
Q

Manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease:

A

fever, cramping, BLOODY STOOLS

27
Q

Manifestations of malabsorption syndromes:

A

STEATORRHEA (fat in the stools), bloating, & diarrhea

28
Q

Clinical manifestations of diarrhea:

A

Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (HYPOnatremia, HYPOkalemia), metabolic acidosis, & weight loss

29
Q

Abdominal pain is a common symptom for a number of GI disorders. T or F

A

True

30
Q

Name 4 classifications of abdominal pain:

A
  • Parietal (somatic pain) in the peritoneum
  • visceral pain (in the organs)
  • referred pain
  • biochemical mediators of the inflammatory response (histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin) stimulate pain and nerve endings, producing abdominal pain!
31
Q

Upper GI Bleeding from the esophagus, stomach and duodenum is what color? What is the consistency like?

A

Frank, bright red in emesis, or DARK grainy digested blood in stool

32
Q

Which organs from the lower GI are involved in bleeding dysfunctions?

A

jejunum, ileum, colon, or rectum

33
Q

Define Hematemesis

A

Bloody vomit

34
Q

Define Hematochezia

A

Bloody stools

35
Q

Define Melena

A

Black, tarry stools

36
Q

Define Occult bleeding

A

Not visible