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Patho: Exam 3 > Small intestine/Large intestine disorders (Adults Pt 2) > Flashcards

Small intestine/Large intestine disorders (Adults Pt 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of the small intestine is absorption, corresponding pathology is

A

MALABSORPTION

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2
Q

Major problems in the small intestine are:

A

Inflammation, tumors, obstructions, bleeding

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3
Q

Malabsorption

A

abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the GI tract

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4
Q

Single Step (malabsorption)

A

Selective malabsorption of only a single nutrient may occur

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5
Q

Generalized malabsorption

A

malabsorption of multiple dietary nutrients

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6
Q

Pancreatic insufficiency causes malabsorption associated with insufficient

A

pancreatic enzyme production (lipase, amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin)

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7
Q

Lactase Deficiency

A

Congenital defect in lactase gene; brush border inhibits breakdown of lactose and prevents lactose absorption and causes osmotic diarrhea

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8
Q

Bile Salt Deficiency

A

Causes fat malabsorption including fat soluble vitamins, steatorrhea (fatty stools, which result of liver disease (loss of fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K)

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9
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness

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10
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Decreased calcium absorption, bone pain, osteoporosis, fractures

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11
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

Prolonged prothrombin time, purpura, & petechiae

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12
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Testicular atrophy/neurologic defects in children

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13
Q

Colicky pains are a common clinical manifestation in _____ ______.

A

Intestinal obstruction

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14
Q

Pylorus Obstruction

A

Early, profuse vomiting of clear gastric fluid

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15
Q

Proximal small intestine obstruction

A

Mild distention, & vomiting of bile stained fluid

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16
Q

Lower in small intestine obstruction

A

More pronounced distention; vomiting may not occur or may occur later and contain fecal material….

17
Q

Simple obstruction

A

Presence of a lesion

18
Q

Functional obstruction

A

“Paralytic ileus” is failure of motility especially after surgery

19
Q

Small intestinal obstruction

A

Most common; fibrous adhesions

20
Q

Large bowel obstruction

A

Most common is colorectal cancer

21
Q

Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction:

A

Ogilvie syndrome; massive dilation of large bowel

22
Q

Dumping syndrome

A

Causes malabsorption by the RAPID emptying of hypertonic chyme from the surgically created residual stomach into the small intestine.

23
Q

Dumping Syndrome causes an ______ shift of fluid from the vascular component to the intestinal lumen which causes a ______ in plasma volume.

A

Osmotic; decrease

24
Q

What is the main function of the large intestine

A

Main function of the large intestine is the delivery of stool to outside and some water & sodium reabsorption (constipation; diarrhea)

25
Q

Major problems of the large intestine include

A

Tumors, inflammation, obstruction, bleeding

26
Q

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is

A

Chronic relapsing inflammatory bowel disorders of unknown origin (Ex: ulcerative colitis/Crohn’s disease)

27
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Inflammatory diseases that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa (sigmoid + rectum)

28
Q

Clinical manifestations of Ulcerative Colitis

A

lesions are continuous with no skipped lesions, are limited to the mucosa & are not transmural (watery diarrhea, bloody stools), remission & exacerbations, increased risk for colon cancer

29
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Affects the small and large intestines; SKIP lesions present; diarrhea and weight loss; GRANULOMAS

30
Q

Diverticula

A

Outpouchings of colonic mucosa (from muscle wall of colon)

31
Q

Diverticula vs Diverticulosis vs diverticulitis

A

Diverticula: herniation of mucosa through the muscle layers
Diverticulosis: multiple outpouchings (diverticula); asymptomatic
Diverticulitis: inflammation of diverticula

32
Q

Appendicitis

A

Most common surgical emergency in the abdomen

33
Q

Appendicitis Patho

A
  1. Obstruction of lumen
  2. Increased pressure
  3. Ischemia
  4. Inflammation
  5. If no surgery, inflammation may lead to gangrene, perforation, and peritonitis.
34
Q

Pathophysiology of Diverticula

A

Unknown; possibly genetic susceptibility, diet, intestinal motility, changes in the microbiome, and inflammation

35
Q

Appendicitis Patho

A

By blockage of the hollow portion fo the appendix “calcified stone” made of feces

36
Q

Vascular insufficiency

A
  • Acute or chronic
  • Occlusion or obstruction of the mesenteric vessels
  • insufficient mesenteric arterial blood flow
  • Can lead to ischemia and necrosis

Patho: Exam 3 (7 decks)

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