Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patho: Exam 3 > Hepatitis, Pancreatic, Cancer Diseases (Adults Pt 3) > Flashcards

Hepatitis, Pancreatic, Cancer Diseases (Adults Pt 3) Flashcards

1
Q

Define Portal Hypertension

A

Abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous system primarily caused by resistance to portal blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“Prehepatic” Portal Hypertension

A

Occurs before it reaches the liver (Ex: Portal vein thrombosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

“Hepatic” causes of portal hypertension

A

Occurs inside the liver Ex: Cirrhosis (most common cause)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

“Posthepatic” Causes of Portal Hypertension

A

Occurs btw the liver and the heart (Ex: Inferior vena cava obstruction, RH failure from constrictive pericarditis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Portal Hypertension Pathophysiology

A
  1. Increased vascular resistance
  2. Hepatic & myofibroblasts are activated
  3. Nitric oxide vasodilator; more blood flow in portal veins
  4. Increased portal hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Portal Hypertension Clinical Manifestations

A

Vomiting blood “hematemesis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Define Ascites & most common cause

A

Accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity; Most common cause “Cirrhosis”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ascites “Overflow theory”

A

Renal sodium retention is stimulated by portal hypertension; hypervolemia; overflows and weeps into the peritoneal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ascites “Under fill theory”

A

Hepatic sinusoidal hydrostatic pressure increases & plasma oncotic pressure decreases. Causes weeping of the lymph fluid from the surface of the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Ascites “Peripheral Arterial Vasodilation theory or Forward Theory”

A
  1. Is the synthesis of the overflow & underfill theories
    most acceptable theory
  2. Portal hypertension &; Splanchnic vasodilation occurs
  3. Causes fluid transudation &; lymph formation, producing ascites.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define Hepatic Encephalopathy

A

Complex neurological syndrome characterized by impaired behavioral, cognitive, & motor function. Occurs when impaired cerebral function caused by blood borne toxins (ammonia) are not metabolized in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Hepatic Encephalopathy

A

LOC decreases, personality changes, irritability, confusion, flapping tremor (asterxis), stupor (decreased level of consciousness; arousal to pain), coma, death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Jaundice (also called “icterus”)

A

Yellow or greenish pigmentation of the skin caused by hyperbilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Jaundice Clinical Manifestations

A

Dark urine, clay colored stools, yellow discoloration, skin xanthomas, anorexia, malaise fatigue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define Hepatorenal Syndrome & Major Cinical manifestation

A

functional renal failure caused by advanced renal disease, particularly cirrhosis with portal hypertension.

GI hemorrhage/Liver failure=hypovolemia=renal failure.

Clinical manifestation: Oliguria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute Liver Failure

A

Severe impairment or necrosis of liver cells without preexisting liver disease or cirrhosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pathophysiology Acute Liver Failure

A
  1. Hepatocytes become edematous (swollen with fluid)
  2. Patchy areas of necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltrates disrupt the parenchyma
  3. Hepatic necrosis is irreversible
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acute Liver Failure: Rene Syndrome vs Wilson’s Disease

A

Reye Syndrome: ALF in a child with a viral infection (chickenpox) & aspirin use

Wilson: Hereditary copper accumulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute Liver failure Clinical Manifestations

A

Anorexia, jaundice, abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Autoimmune hepatitis

A
  • rare, chronic, & progressive autoimmune inflammatory liver disease .
  • T cell mediated
  • absence of viral hepatitis
  • Clinical manifestation: Amenorrhea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • Liver disease caused by Hep A

- Transmitted by fecal oral route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hep B

A
  • Infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver; can be acute/chronic.
  • Parenterally & sexually transmitted
  • H.Bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hep C

A
  • Infectious disease caused by the hep C virus (HCV) that primarily affects the liver
  • resp. For posttransfusion hepatitis
  • HIV/ drug use
  • no vaccine is available
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Hep D

A

Dependent on hepatitis B for replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hep E

A

Fecal oral transmission; contaminated water or uncooked meat

26
Q

Phases of Hepatitis

A

Prodromal (preicteric): 2 weeks after exposure; ends when jaundice appears
Icteric phase (jaundice): begins 1 -2 weeks after prodormal phase
Recovery phase: begins with resolution of jaundice; chronic hep may begin at this phase

27
Q

Cirrhosis

A

Irreversible inflammation fibrotic disease that disrupts liver function and even liver structure; HCV most commonly associated with cirrhosis!

28
Q

Cirrhosis causes disorganization of _____ structure, ______, and _____ regeneration.

A

Lobular, fibrosis, and nodular regeneration

29
Q

Bile obstruction causes _____.

A

Jaundice

30
Q

Alcoholic Liver Disease

A

Oxidation of alcohol, causing damage to hepatocytes

31
Q

Steatosis (alcoholic fatty liver)

A

Mildest form of cirrhosis; reversible if drinking is stopped

32
Q

Alcoholic hepatitis (steatohepatitis)

A

Inflammation; degeneration & necrosis of the hepatocytes occur

33
Q

Alcoholic cirrhosis (fibrosis)

A

Toxic effects of alcohol metabolism on the liver, immunologic alterations, oxidative stress from lipid peroxidation, & malnutrition occur.

34
Q

Alcoholic liver disease also impairs hepatocytes ability to ____ fatty acids, synthesize _____, and proteins, degrade hormones, and clear portal blood of ______ & toxins.

A

Oxidize, enzymes, ammonia

35
Q

Liver Inflammation Pathophysiology

A
  1. Pain,fever
  2. nausea, vomiting, anorexia
  3. Fatigue
  4. Decreased hormone metabolism
  5. Menstrual dysfunction, loss of body function
  6. Increased ADH & aldosterone; Edema
  7. Liver failure
  8. Hepatic Encephalopathy
  9. Hepatic Coma
  10. Death
36
Q

Liver Necrosis Patho

A
  1. Decreased bilirubin
  2. Jaundice, increased bilirubin
  3. Decreased bile
  4. Light colored stools
  5. Decreased vitamin K absorption (bleeding)
  6. Dark urine (decreased plasma proteins)
  7. Ascites and edema
  8. Liver failure
  9. Hepatic encephalopathy
  10. Coma
  11. Death
37
Q

Liver Fibrosis and Scarring Patho

A
  1. Portal Hypertension
  2. Ascites, edema, splenomegaly
  3. Varices
  4. Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
  5. Biochemical Alterations
  6. Elevated Bilirubin
  7. prolonged PTT
  8. liver failure
  9. Hepatic encephalopathy
  10. Hepatic coma
  11. Death
38
Q

Vascular Obstruction causes portal hypertension , shunting, and _____.

A

Varices

39
Q

Cirrhosis can result from hepatitis or exposure to toxins such as ________ (a product of alcohol metabolism).

A

Acetaldehyde

40
Q

Vascular Obstruction causes progressive _______ liver damage, usually over a period of years.

A

Irreversible

41
Q

Alcoholic liver disease is progressive and includes: ______,______, and _____.

A

Steatosis (fatty liver disease), steatohepatitis (fatty liver disease), and alcoholic cirrhosis.

42
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Gallstone formation

43
Q

Cholelithiasis ______ formation in bile that is supersaturated with cholesterol.

A

Stones

44
Q

Cholesthiasis pathophysiology

A

Results in bile aggregation of cholesterol crystals (cholesterol stones) or precipitates of unconjugated bilirubin (pigmented stones).

45
Q

CholeCYSTITIS

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder and is usually associated with obstruction of the cystic duct by gallstones.

46
Q

Acute pancreatitis Pathophysiology

A

1-Biliary obstruction and alcoholism
2-injury permits leakage of digestive enzymes into pancreatic tissue
3-Enzymes become activated followed by autodigestion, inflammation, and destruction of tissues.
4-Release of pancreatic enzymes into the bloodstream or abdominal cavity cause damage to other organs.

47
Q

Acute pancreatitis clinical manifestation

A

Pain radiating to back

48
Q

Chronic Pancreatitis

A

impairment of the pancreas usually related to alcoholism or recurrent acute pancreatitis. Causes recurrent abdominal pain, and digestive disorders!

49
Q

Cancer of the esophagus is rare and occurs in people older than ____.

A

60

50
Q

Esophageal carcinoma is associated with the following deficiencies:

A

Alcohol/tobacco use, reflux esophagitis, radiation exposure, and nutritional deficiencies

51
Q

What is the third most common cause of cancer death in the U.S?

A

Colon Cancer

52
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis coli is an inherited form of colon cancer. T or F

A

True

53
Q

Colon & rectum cancer tumors of the RIGHT (_________ colon) are usually large and bulky (_______). Tumors of the LEFT (______, _______) colon develop as small __________ masses.

A

Right: Ascending; polypoid

Left: Descending, sigmoid; buttonlike

54
Q

Rectal carcinoma is located up to ______cm from the opening of the anus. The tumor spreads transmurally to the vagina in women or to the prostate in men.

A

15

55
Q

Metastastic Invasion is more common than primary cancer of the ______.

A

Liver

56
Q

Chronic liver cancers (cirrhosis, HBV, HCV) are associated with primary _____ cancers.

A

Liver

57
Q

Hepatocellular carcinomas arise from the ______.

A

Hepatocytes

58
Q

Cholangiocellular carcinomas arise from the ____ _____.

A

Bile ducts

59
Q

Cancer of the gallbladder is rare and occurs in women older than ____.

A

50

60
Q

Cancer of the pancreas ranks ____ as a cause of cancer deaths.

A

Pancreas

61
Q

Cancer of the pancreas

A

Most common called dúctil adenocarcinomas

Patho: Exam 3 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions