Bio Week 11

Question 1

Genetic engineering , what is the purpose?

Question 2

selective breeding is selecting ________ with certain traits

that will be passed on to ________ .

Answer 2

parents

offspring / next generation

Question 3

What is a hybrid?

Answer 3

mix of 2 pure breeds

Question 4

How far back did genetic engineering start?

What society was known to selectively breed?

Answer 4

Loooong time ago (Greeks & Romans)

Question 5

Explain why inbreeding can be bad

(when you mate 2 parents with very similar

genetic DNA).

Answer 5

When the genetics are so similar, it increases risk

of genetic defects appearing (even recessive).

Question 6

An organism with extra chromosomes is called a ____________ .

Answer 6

polyploid

Question 7

Getting DNA out of a cell to study it is called ______ .

_______ _________ are used to cut up the DNA into parts

(AKA restrict how long the DNA piece is)

Answer 7

DNA extraction

restrictive enzyme

Question 8

Explain gel electrophoresis.

Answer 8

The process of separating DNA fragments

through a gel with a positive and negative charge.

Question 9

What does DNA sequencing do?

Answer 9

Tells us the order of the base pairs in astrands of DNA.

Question 10

When you recombine original DNA with

lab created DNA it is called _________ DNA.

Answer 10

recombinant DNA

Question 11

In genetic engineering, DNA is cut apart by ______ enzymes ,

and put back together by the enzyme _______ _______

Answer 11

restrictive enzymes

DNA ligase

Question 12

Explain what a genetic marker is, and it’s usefullness.

Answer 12

Used to identify DNA that has been manipulated.

Used to isolate the genetic engineered DNA.

Question 13

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) has 3 ingredients:

1.

2.

3.

Answer 13

1. nucleotides (ingredients)
2. Taq polymerase (mixers/assembly)
3. DNA primers (instructions)

Question 14

A thermal cycler heats and cools DNA to separate and

allow it to reconnect.

The 2 terms for the separation and joining of DNA primers is called?

Answer 14

denature

anneal

Question 15

What is DNA polymerase?

Taq polymerase is superior to DNA polymerase because?

Answer 15

DNA polymerase is naturally found in the cells

and replicates DNA in the nucleus.

Taq polymerase is added by scientists and can withstand the heat

of PCR thermal cycling.

Question 16

Transgenic organisms contain DNA from ?

What are some benefits to transgenic animals?

Answer 16

Two different species.

Cows that produce more milk, leaner meats by reducing fat,

salmon that grow faster, chickens resistant to infections.

Question 17

Absorbing foreign DNA into original DNA transforms the original DNA.

What is this process called?

What are some ways to introduce foreign DNA?

Answer 17

transformation

Inserting via:

1. Removing the cell wall for cell to absorb.
2. Bacterial plasmid inserted into cell.
3. DNA is directly injected.

Question 18

How have scientists transformed bacteria

to be manufacturers?

Answer 18

Used transformationinto a bacteria cells to have them produce

chemicals useful to humans or science (insulin, hormones, blood products).

Question 19

What type of cell is this?

What are the missing components?

Answer 19

Eukaryote, heterotroph

Glucose is needed for glycolysis

and the purpose is to produce ATP!

Question 20

What are GMOs (genetically modified organsims/food) ?

Answer 20

Either:

1. Organisms selectively bred through generations

or

2. transgenic mix of 2 species.

Question 21

Explain the steps to genetic engineering of an embryonic clone.

Answer 21

Before a zygote/germ cell differentiates, the cells are separated

and allowed to continue to grow. Creating multiple organisms

all with the same DNA.

Question 22

What is adult cell cloning?

Answer 22

Adult cell cloning is the use of somatic cell DNA to create offspring,

by inecting somatic DNA into an empty female egg cell (nucleus removed).

Question 23

What is a surrogate?

Answer 23

A surrogate is an organism that is carrying the zygote

from another organism.

BONUS: Does the zygote contain surrogate DNA?

BONUS BONUS: Will the zygote share traits with the surrogate?