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Fundamentals Of Pathology > Intro To Structure And Function Of Blood > Flashcards

Intro To Structure And Function Of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

Plasma
Red cells
White cells and platelets

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2
Q

What is a blood film

A

Same as blood smear

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3
Q

What basic cell organelles do red blood cells not contain?

A

Nucleus
DNA (not an organelle but still)
RNA
Mitochondria

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4
Q

What is another name for a red blood cell?

A

Erythrocytes

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5
Q

What is another name for a white blood cell?

A

Leukocytes

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6
Q

What are the two types of white blood cell?

A

Neutrophil and lymphocytes

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7
Q

Give some features of neutrophil

A

Polymorphonuclear (multilobed nucleus)

Granulocyte (prominent cytoplasmic granules)

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8
Q

Give the three types of granulocyte

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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9
Q

How do you distinguish a neutrophil?

A

Weakly staining

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10
Q

How do you distinguish an eosinophil?

A

Stain red with eosin 1-4% white blood cell multinuclei within the cytoplasm

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11
Q

How do you distinguish a basophil?

A

Stain blue/purple with basic dyes less than 0.5% of WBC

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12
Q

Give features of mononuclear cells

A

Lack granules

Large, regular nuclei

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13
Q

Give the two types of mononuclear cells

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Give another name for a platelet

A

Thrombocytes

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15
Q

Give features of platelets

A

Cytoplasmic fragments
No nucleus
Membrane bound
Contains granules

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16
Q

Where do blood cells come from?

A

Stem cells in bone marrow

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17
Q

What does plasma contain?

A 
Water
salt
proteins
Metabolites
Carbs
Lipids
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18
Q

Name the ionic constituents of plasma

A

Positive: sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen
Negative: chloride, bicarbonates, phosphate, sulfate and organic anions

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19
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is plasma without the clotting factors

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20
Q

How much of plasma is protein?

A

7-9%

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21
Q

How much of the plasma protein is albumin?

A

90%

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22
Q

What does blood transport?

A

Carry oxygen/ nutrients to tissues
Remove CO2/ other waste substances from tissues
And other substances from sites of production ->sites of action

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23
Q

What in the blood is involved in immunity?

A

White blood cells and plasma proteins

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24
Q

What in the blood is involved in clotting?

A

Platelets and plasma proteins

25
Q

What is the blood’s role in homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a pH of 7.4
Controlling distribution of water solutes
Distributing heat

26
Q

How do blood cells remove CO2 from body tissues?

A

Most CO2 carried as bicarbonate in plasma

RBC enzyme carbonic anhydrase helps CO2 to dissolve in plasma and in the tissues and come out of solution in the lungs

27
Q

What is the average life span of RBC’s?

A

120 days

28
Q

What is the average diameter of RBC’s?

A

8 micrometers

29
Q

What is the average thickness of RBC’s?

A

2 micrometers

30
Q

What is haemoglobin made up of?

A

2 alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains

31
Q

What type of iron atom does haemoglobin contain?

A

Fe++

32
Q

What does oxygen + haemoglobin form?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin

33
Q

What colour is oxyhaemoglobin?

A

Bright red

34
Q

What colour is deoxyhaemoglobin?

A

Dark red

35
Q

How does pulse oximetry work?

A

Measures the colour of haemoglobin and determines if the patient is hypoxic

36
Q

What is pulse oximetry?

A

The thing that measures oxygen saturation on your finger

37
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules are there in each RBC?

A

300 million (about 50% of space)

38
Q

What substances does plasma carry?

A

Lipids
Lipid soluble hormones and vitamins
Metal ions

39
Q

What do neutrophils do in the immune system?

A

Phagocytosis and kill bacteria and fungi

Main mediators of innate immunity

40
Q

What do lymphocytes do in the immune system?

A

Main mediators of acquired immunity
Produce antibodies
Kills virus infected cells

41
Q

What do eosinophils do in the immune system?

A

Kill parasites

Involved in allergic responses

42
Q

What do basophils do in the immune system?

A

Kill parasites
Involved in allergic responses
Involved in inflammation

43
Q

What do monocytes do in the immune system?

A

Phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens

44
Q

What do immunoglobulins do in the immune system?

A

Act as antibodies against pathogens

45
Q

What do complement proteins do in the immune system?

A

Kill bacteria and other pathogens

Cooperated with immunoglobulins and WBCs

46
Q

What is the main role of platelets?

A

Haemostasis

47
Q

How do platelets mediate haemostasis (basic)

A

Recognise damage at blood vessel wall
Forms a platelet plug
Prevent/ stops bleeding

48
Q

How does plasma help in haemostasis?

A

Fibrinogen ->fibrin which forms a blood clot
Clotting factors control the process
Fibrin clot reinforces primary platelet plug

49
Q

What is the plasma homeostasis disturbed by?

A 
Disorders in:
Kidney
Liver
Lungs
Cardiovascular system
Endocrine organs
50
Q

What must be kept in safe limits in plasma?

A

pH, ion concentrations and protein concentrations

51
Q

What are you checking if you check the urea and electrolytes in the blood?

A

kidney functions

52
Q

What is the total blood volume in a 70kg male?

A

5 litres

53
Q

How much plasma is there in a 70kg male?

A

2.5-3 litres

54
Q

What is a haemocrit?

A

Packed cell volume- total cell volume

55
Q

What is the normal haemocrit value?

A

0.4-0.5

56
Q

What does a full blood count include?

A 
Haemoglobin concentrations
Mean red cell volume 
Mean red cell haemoglobin content 
Haemocrit 
Total white blood cell count
57
Q

What is the haemoglobin concentrations used to diagnose?

A

Anaemia

58
Q

What is the total white blood cell count important in diagnosing?

A

Infections

59
Q

What are immunoglobulins made by?

A

B lymphocytes

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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