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Fundamentals Of Pathology > Intro To Cellular Pathology > Flashcards

Intro To Cellular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are cells?

A

Living, more or less self-sufficient entities that may form more complex structures. Surrounded by a membrane

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2
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Interwoven masses of cells and extracellular material

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3
Q

What is histology?

A

Study of tissues

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4
Q

What is tissue structure in histology?

A

How cells combine together with extracellular material and each other to form a tissue

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5
Q

What is cellular structure in histology?

A

How a cell is shaped, and how the components inside cells are organised to support that cells specific function

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6
Q

What is sub-cellular structure in histology?

A

Detailed analysis of organelles and inclusions

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7
Q

What is the histochemical structure in histology?

A

Molecular analysis of cellular structure

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8
Q

What is histopathology?

A

The study of tissues affected by disease

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9
Q

Why is histopathology useful?

A

Making diagnosis and in determining the severity and progression of disease

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10
Q

How are epithelial tissue cells arranged?

A

Continuous sheet with one or more layers, has apical and basal layers

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11
Q

What is a basement membrane?

A

Separates the epithelial layer from the underlying connective tissue

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12
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A 
Covering and lining epithelia 
Glandular epithelia (endo and exocrine)
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13
Q

What is the simple epithelium?

A

One layer of cells

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14
Q

What is the stratified epithelium?

A

Two or more cell layers

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15
Q

What is the pseudostratified epithelium?

A

Cells are all anchored to the basement membrane but not all cells reach the apical surface (nuclei do not align, does not look like one cell layer)

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16
Q

What are the three shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Cuboidal, columnar, squamous

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17
Q

What is the transitional state in epithelial tissues?

A

Different layers present different structure

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18
Q

What are the two main groups of connective tissues?

A
  • connective tissue proper

- specialised connective tissue

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19
Q

What does connective tissue contain?

A

Different cells including fibroplasts, macrophages, mast cells and adipocytes

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20
Q

What is the connective tissue matrix made of (2)?

A

Ground substance- proteins and polysaccharides

Fibres- reticular, collagen and elastic

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21
Q

What are the two classifications of proper connective tissue?

A

Loose connective

Dense connective

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22
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

Fibres and many cells types in gelatinous matrix, found in skin and surrounding blood vessels, nerves and organs

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23
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

Bundles of parallel collagen fibres and fibroblasts, found in tendons and ligaments

24
Q

What are the two main components of cartilage?

A
  • collagen and elastin fibres embedded in a matrix of glycoproteins
  • cells called chondrocytes
25
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous

26
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Weakest, most abundant type. Found at end of long bones and structures like the ear and nose

27
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Maintains shape, branding elastic fibres distinguish it from hyaline

28
Q

What is fibrous cartilage?

A

Strongest type, has dense collagen and little matrix

29
Q

Where would you find fibrous cartilage?

A

Pelvis, skull and vertebral disks

30
Q

What is bone comprised of?

A

Bone cells, osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts- suspended in a matrix made of collagen fibres and minerals

31
Q

What are the two types of bone in development?

A

Membranous

Endochonal

32
Q

Give 3 examples of membranous bones

A

Flat bones, clavicle or mandible

33
Q

Give examples of endochonal bone

A

Climb and vertebral column bones

34
Q

What are the two types of mature bone?

A

Compact, trabecular

35
Q

What are the features of compact mature bone?

A

Concentric circular layers organised in lacunae and central canal

36
Q

What are the features of trabecular mature bone?

A

Slender interlacing parallel lamellae with marrow within the spaces

37
Q

What is the principle functional unit of muscle cells?

A

Muscle fibre. Also come stem cells with the capacity to develop into new muscle fibres

38
Q

Give the structural features of skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, striated

39
Q

How is skeletal muscle organised?

A

In myofibres with peripherally located nuclei

Forms a lined up bonding pattern from one cell to another

40
Q

What is skeletal muscle attached to?

A

Bones

41
Q

Give the structural features of cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated, branched and has intercalated discs

42
Q

How do cardiac muscle cells size compare to skeletal muscle cells?

A

Smaller

43
Q

Give the structural features of smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, non-striated, spindle shaped

44
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

Blood vessels and GI tract

45
Q

What are the two main functional cell types of nerve tissue?

A

Neurons

Neuroganglia

46
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Cells that convert stimuli into electrical impulses to the brain

47
Q

What do neuralgia do?

A

Collection of different cell types with a supportive role

48
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Motor neuron
Interneuron
Sensory neurons

49
Q

What does the motor neuron do?

A

Carry impulses from CNS to muscles and glands

50
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

Interpret input from sensory neurons and end responses to motor neurons

51
Q

What do sensory neurons do?

A

Receive info from environment and transmit to CNS

52
Q

What is the neuralgia made up of in the CNS?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia

53
Q

What is the neuralgia made up of in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells and stem cells

54
Q

What are the three primary cell layers that form the embryo?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

55
Q

What does the ectoderm develop into?

A

Nervous and epithelial tissue

56
Q

What does the mesoderm develop into?

A

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue and muscle tissue

57
Q

What does the endoderm develop into?

A

Epithelial tissue

Fundamentals Of Pathology (20 decks)

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