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History- Cavell > India- Unit 2.3 > Flashcards

India- Unit 2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

When was the first round table conference?

A
  • opened by Lord Irwin- 1930 (Nov) in House of Lords
  • London
  • chaired by British prime minister and Labour Party leader- Ramsay MacDonald
  • conservative group led by Sir Samuel Hoare and liberal group- lord Reading
  • had been an Indian viceroy 1921-26
  • 3 British political parties represented by 16 delegates
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2
Q

Who was present at the first round table conference?

A
  • 58 delegates
  • represented most shades of Indian Political Opinion
  • congress not present
  • princes sent 16 representatives which was unexpected
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3
Q

What was discussed and outcome, when did it end?

A
  • support for concept of dominion status strengthened the case being made by the labour group for granting dominion status to India on the same terms as Canada, Australia and New Zealand
  • progress was made:
    a) India would be run as a type of dominion
    b) the dominion would take the form of a federation that would include the princely state as well as 11 British provinces
    c) there would be Indian participation at all levels of government

-ended Jan 1931

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4
Q

When was the Second round table conference?

A
  • Sept- December 1931, similar mix of delegates to the first
  • 1 major difference- Gandhi Irwin Pact made it possible for congress to be represented
  • Gandhi took upon himself to become congress, only representative
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5
Q

What was discussed and what was the outcome of the second round table conference?

A
  • dominated by well-known and well-rehearsed racial and religious minority arguments
  • Hindus and Muslims could not agree
  • the second round tab,e conference couldn’t agree in a workable constitution
  • Gandhi was well aware that he could not accept any solution which focused on dominion status. Thus he was effectively opposed to the outcome of the 1st delegation
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6
Q

Who was present at the second round table conference?

A
  • Iqbal (Aga Khan-spiritual leader of the Ismailis , a small extremist Muslim sect) and Jinnah attended the Second London Conference representing the Muslim League
  • Master Tara Singh=Sikhs
  • Dr Ambedkar= untouchables
  • all demanded separate electorates
  • Gandhi took particular exception to the untouchables being considered for a separate electorate- should have come under Hindu umbrella
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7
Q

When was the third round table conference?

A
  • London, Nov-December 1932-doomed before started

- add more confusion, Britain in a coalition government-unclear on policies

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8
Q

Who was present at the third round table conference?

A

-only 46 delegates attended, none from British Labour Party or Congress

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9
Q

What was discussed and what was the outcome of the third (and last) round table conference?

A
  • the third conference discussed the franchise, finance and the role of the princely states but again couldn’t read any definite conclusions and collapsed in confusion
  • there was no more Round Table Conferences
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10
Q

What is a franchise?

A

-who is eligible to vote

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11
Q

Why did the Round Table conferences fail?

A

1) Disagreements between Indian groups eg: over separate electorates
2) No continuity in attendance eg: congress not present at first and few British in the third
3) India or Britain not clear on what want
4) Coalition/ national government= other things happening, SWW , abdication, depression (1931-labour government resigned and replaced by national government)
5) Range of delegates- never going to satisfy everyone- includes everyone eg: Untouchables, Sikhs, Hindu, Muslim, Iqbal, all 3 British parties…
6) Huge religious differences and in actual beliefs
7) No definite conclusions
8) Lack of compromise from both British and Gandhi- go with pre-determined agendas
9) Held in London= overpowering, Indian not being accommodated and British not willing to compromise- dominion status or nothing
10) New individuals eg: Sir Samuel Hoare- more reservations about self-governance than predecessor and shared by many tories eg:Winston Churchill who set you Indian Defence League- 50 MPs= wanted British Empire to last forever

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12
Q

L2-How far was a compromise reached in the years 1932-35:

-How did Britain respond to the failure of the Round Table Conference?

A
  • 4th Jan 1932= Gandhi arrested and imprisoned
  • congress outlawed
  • all members of CWC were rounded up and imprisoned
  • youth organisations were banned
  • over 80,000 Indians (mostly member of congress) were imprisoned within 4 months
  • The communal Award (16th August 1932)= Sikhs, Christians, Anglo-Indians and Untouchables were all declared as separate classes (therefore have separate electorates)- more allies so would give it, throwing in Muslim faces= giving it to all minorities expect Muslims who have compagnes did it for years- no compromise for them but for Sikhs= not
  • any concession- pressure to compromise or willing
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13
Q

What are a lot of these actions similar to?

A

-similar to how Britain responded post-Salt March

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14
Q

How did Gandhi respond?

A
  • swarej= boycott of British goods
  • responded to the Communal Award with ‘fast-unto-death’-therefore blackmailed British (don’t want Martyr)
  • meg with British at Yeravda (Poona) late 1932 (Winter). Here they agreed that in essence, separate electorates would end (as although separate seats remained, voyons was by the general electorate)
  • Gandhi declared that untouchability should be abandoned by law (took 20 years) -political side (not religious beliefs eg: able to make decisions and representation)
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15
Q

What does this show about the British?

A
  • change mind- Britain fickle- can make change mind in a couple of months- giving in Hinderence
  • depends what define as ‘compromise’ as this doesn’t show have BOTH met in a middle ground
  • Gandhi no longer accept 2nd best as shows will sway
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16
Q

What do you define as your criteria in a source question?

A

-state how you will be assessing it eg: through provenance and content

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17
Q

What do you do for a source question in India?

A
  • don’t necessarily need a conclusion as third paragraph should be most of Evaluation
  • try to be more positive then negative especially in content, leave negative to provenance (as usually don’t have whole text therefore can’t say don’t acknowledge as may have later on)
  • don’t necessarily need evidence in third paragraph as should have done most in one and two
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18
Q

What do you do in the introduction?

A
  • give a couple of key facts about the topic
  • summarise main points of source
  • Hint at overall conclusion
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19
Q

What do you do in the main body?

A
  • source one- how useful or not, both content and provenance
  • source two- how useful or not, both content and provenance
  • third paragraph- consider sources TOGETHER- useful or not?
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20
Q

If choose to add a conclusion, what should you include?

A

-say whether or not find sources useful TOGETHER and WHY

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21
Q

Mark descriptor points:

A
  • Both sources (combined)
  • range of evidence from source
  • distinguish between OK and source
  • limitations
  • secure understanding of sources
  • content and provenance
  • valid criteria stated (content and provenance), justified and fully applied
  • judgement
  • distinguish between arguments you most agree with from others
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22
Q

Support and opposition in Britain from 1932:

How did the daily mail newspaper respond to the idea of independence?

A
  • became media support for the India Defence League
  • Lord Rothermere wrote articles- ‘If We Lose India’- outrageous “facts” eg: Gandhi and Congress were an insignificant group of semi-educated Hindus
  • Fake photographe of British troops quelling riots, corpses
  • clear message:
  • Indians unfit to govern themselves, only paternalistic- British could effectively manage the subcontinent
  • Warned if left:
  • carnage would follow
  • British economy would lose India’s trade
  • Imperialist- organisation about uniting empire= United Empire Party
  • Lord Rothermere (1868-1940):
  • Newspaper proprietor
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23
Q

Who was Sir Samuel Hoare? What was his response?

A
  • conservative
  • Secretary of State (1931-35)
  • Chief architect of Government of India Act
  • Accepts will be some independence but restricted- dominion status
  • New constitution- new Government of India Act
  • Different aims but do 2nd RTC did have good/ pleasant relationship
  • involves in fending of Hitler
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24
Q

Who was Lord Willingdon? What was his response?

A
  • viceroy=1931-36
  • Increased numbed of ordinances (rules and regulations)- put in to suppress Indian Nationalist Campaigns
  • Hard to suppress Congress-unsuccessful
  • Gandhi- ‘Indian Bolshevik’= not popular, communist ideology
  • Despised Gandhi-Irwin Pact= anti-Gandhi
  • contrast to Irwin
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25
Q

Who was Winston Churchill? What was his response?

A
  • totally against Indian Independence- any form
  • Conservative- divisions in party
  • Pro-British empire, “sun will never set on the British Empire”-imperialist
  • Irwin Declaration/ Pact= also dismissed
  • Called Gandhi names
  • Indian Defence League
  • No secret= Indians unsuited to democracy- can’t rule on own
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26
Q

Who was Joseph Rudyard Kipling?

A
  • worked as a British Journalist
  • Conservative
  • Cabinet member (made up of 22 key advisors)
  • celebrated British imperialism
  • wrote a lot about British in India and soldiers
  • wrote Jungle Book
  • Himself= grew up in India-British Raj setting
  • Indian Defence League
  • son in FWW
  • Traditional views
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27
Q

Who was Stanley Baldwin?

A
  • conservative prime minister
  • 1935- Government of India Act
  • Baldwin= relaxed to India, similar to Hoare- willing to give some form of self-governance- disliked by Churchill
  • Pleasant relationship with Gandhi-in letter said may give more
  • conservative
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28
Q

How far was a compromise reached in the years 1932-35?

A

Lack of compromise from individuals such as Winston Churchill, Rudyard Kipling but some compromise from Willingdon , Hoare…

29
Q

Lesson= Government of India Act:

How many provinces was India to be divided into?

A
  • 11
  • Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United provinces, Punjab, Bihar, Central Provinces-Berar, Assam, North West Fronteir Province, Orissa, Sind
30
Q

Which area was no longer included as a province?

A

Burma – given its own government, independence

Now known as Myanmar

31
Q

Who was responsible for choosing a governor?

A

-His Majesty (king)

32
Q

What special responsibilities was a governor given?

A

Call meetings, choose ministers, prevent
any ‘grave menace to the peace’,
‘safeguard the legitimate interests of
minorities’. Could ‘exercise his individual
judgement’.

33
Q

What could the governor do with regards

to police and violence?

A

-Could use police or violence at his
discretion when he thinks peace is being
threatened.

  • sole power
  • can use police and violence
34
Q

What was the general opposition to the act?

A
  • The Act was only partially implemented by the time the SWW broke out.
  • A Federation of India was proposed but not under the conditions expected
  • Fear of violence and excessive discipline.
35
Q

How did congress feel about the act?

A

• Congress objected the Act because they wanted purna swaraj.
• Congress did not want to support provincial governments which they thought
might become Muslim dominated.

36
Q

How did the Muslim League feel about the act?

A

• Muslim League – the Act did not provide enough power to the Muslims. No
guarantees were offered for the protection of Muslim rights.

37
Q

-How did the princes feel about the act?

A

• Princes –Angry that the Government Act inevitably resulted in a loss of power
from the princes. (British gov worried that some Princes would join forces with
Tory die-hards to oppose the Government Act).
• Princes – faced problems from their own subjects in their own states. There was
increasing pressure for reform and greater representative government before any
federal agreement was reached.

38
Q

LOOK… 👀

A

At notes, some extra notes and ideas :)

39
Q

What was the dilemma at the 1937 elections?

A

•Both Congress and the Muslim League were faced with immediate dilemmas: whether should they participate in the provincial elections set for 1937

•Not to participate would show they rejected the Government Act, but the elections were going ahead anyway and they might lose out on
representation

•Both Congress and the Muslim League decided to take part.

40
Q

How did congress feel about the outcome of the election?

A

-• Highly successful – gained control of majority of provinces eg: Madras, Bihar, Orissa…

41
Q

How did congress respond to the election?

A 
• Effectively a ‘partner’ to the 
British gov – some 
supported this (egGandhi) 
and some did not (eg
Nehru).
• 1938 – Congress torn apart 
by in-fighting. Gandhi 
wanted Bose to quit; Bose 
eventually did and he 
walked away from Congress 
altogether.
  • perhaps need to challenge Muslim dominated areas and appeal to them in a future election
  • Gandhi not happy
42
Q

How did the Muslim league think about the outcome of the election?

A

• Won 3 provinces

  • Bengal
  • Sind
  • Punjab
43
Q

What was the muslim league’s response to the league?

A 
• 2 options: promote Muslin 
League to win back some 
provinces or work with 
Congress (but Congress not 
likely to do this).

• Jinnah (who returned to India
in 1935) began a series of
personal appearances, rallies
and interviews.

• Targeted university students.

• Gave Muslims a sense of 
identity and purpose. Aided by 
the fact that some Congress 
dominated provinces had 
begun to treat Muslims poorly.
44
Q

For the actual document (primary source) - Government of India Act 1937

A

https: //www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1935/2/pdfs/ukpga_19350002_en.pdf
- Also a separate PDF in GoodNotes under Cavell

45
Q

REMEMBER YOU HAVE…

A

-Bullet point summaries in your notes, revision videos made as a class and some notes on some historians and extra- reading which is in GoodNotes :)

46
Q

India’s Reaction to the Second World War:

-How did attitudes differ from the First World War and who was viceroy at the time?

A

-Viceroy-Linlithgow

  • Source 15 suggests:
  • Different for different groups
  • shouldn’t be dictated by foreign powers
  • different British perspectives some didn’t see themselves as dictators
  • Unlike WW1…
  • Not fighting because part of well-established ancestral tradition but saw as a job and brought food into the home

But similar…

  • all volunteers
  • still thought could gain some independence and protect some of their rights- get the British on side
  • still a large homefront contribution
  • Deaths (even more)
  • still provides for allies eg: cotton, explosives…
  • accelerated some changes post- SWW (just like 1st with legislation eg: Montagu Declaration)
47
Q

Article- “Has India’s contribution to WW2 been ignored?”

-Name some facts, figures and details about India’s contribution:

A
  • more than 2 million Indian soldiers participated
  • 89,000 died in military service
  • 2.3 million soldiers manned Indian army
  • 3 million Bengalis killed by fame
  • more than half a million South Asian refugees fled Myanmar
  • 14th Army-multinational force of British, Indian and Asian units
  • 30 Indians won Victoria crosses in 1940s
  • non-combatants= cook, mechanic, tailors…
  • saw as job- earning money to eat- not heroic like in 1st
  • not imperial exploitation- many elite south Asians made a profit from war and transformed their fortunes
  • most Anglo-Indians
  • partition of 1947-carving of countries afterwards
  • Died in industrial accidents eg: explosion in Bombay harbour in 1944, 80,000 made homeless
  • died from disease
  • loaded cargos
  • women mined for coal in Bihar and central India
  • recaptured Burma for Allies
  • Helpful in fight
48
Q

What were the 3 groups that had distinct different perspectives on the war?

A

1) Congress (Gandhi and Nehru)
2) Muslim League (Jinnah)
3) Forward Bloc (Bose)

49
Q

What did congress think about the war?

A
  • felt sympathetic to Britain and their right against racism. Urged the British government to negotiate with Hitler, using peaceful means
  • ordered all members to reign from provincial ministries (this was not a sensible idea- actually meant that provinces returned to direct British government)
  • Denounced the idea of partition as a mad scheme. Toured India trying time strengthen their own position
  • Withdrew their ministers from provinces where it had the majority in order to show their dislike for a India in the war. This also showed their determination to free India from foreign domination
  • shocked and horrified- the Government of India Act was supposed to be come sort of power-sharing and now the British were enforcing decisions
  • not prepared to commit themselves openly to a government that had not consulted them prior to the declaration of war, nor were they prepared tonight unless they were granted immediate Swaraj
50
Q

What did the Muslim league think about the war?

A
  • saw the political upheaval as an opportunity, called for celebrations and prayers of thanksgiving
  • discussions began over the creation of a separate state- Pakistan, favoured partition
  • In May 1940, accepted an invitation from a lord Linlithgow to discuss issues relating to war. Agreed that the government would not adopt any new constitution without the prior approval of this group
  • worked with the Raj and the British government to support the war effort so to strengthen their own position in India
  • Saw the loss of congress ministries as an opportunity. Initially expressed a desire to work with Nehru
  • called a meeting in Lahore in 1940. Discussed 2 main principles for any new constitution:
    1) Minorities had to be protected
    2) Separate independent states should be formed for Muslims in those areas of the country where they had the majority
51
Q

What did the Forward Bloc think about the war?

A
  • a terrorist organisation aimed at getting the British to quit India. Published their first newspaper in the month that war was declared.
  • urged military action against the British. This resulted in an arrest of the leader for treason but he escaped and went into exile
  • tried to convince Stalin to support the Indian independence struggle. This failed so they went to Germany instead. The Nazis encouraged the publication of Anti -British propaganda urging Indians to rise up against British tyranny.
  • In Japan, former the Indian National Army (INA) from India prisoners of war. Planned a full-scale land invasion of India. In 1944 6000 soldiers of the INA invaded India- 600 of these deserted to the British, 400 were killed, 1,500 died from dysentery and malaria. The rest surrendered.
52
Q

What conclusions can you draw about Indian contribution to the SWW and Raj’s attitudes:

A

1) Congress was showing that it still had control over Indians
2) Congress campaigning to end Raj
3) Muslim League was greatly strengthening
4) The Raj had shown they could still hold India by force and that they still had some popularity

53
Q

Recap- key positions of Bose:

A

Born-1897
1930-31-5th Mayor of Calcutta
1938-39-President of the Indian National Congress
1939-41-Indian National Congress President Forward Bloc
1943-45-Leader of Indian National Army
Died-1945

-strong patriotism to India-attempted during WW2 to end India of British Rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan

54
Q

Have some extra homework notes on…

A

-All India Forward Bloc

55
Q

When you talk about Indian divisions what is a good word to use?

A

-dichotomy

56
Q

The Conception and pregnancy of Pakistan:

What is the Lahore resolution?

A
  • 1940
  • Jinnah focused on the Muslim League
  • attendee by approx 10,000 Muslims
  • all Muslims agreed unlike congress
  • basic principles:
    1) Areas in the subcontinent where Muslims were in the majority should be grouped to form separate independent states
    2) Minorities had to be protected, whether the people concerned were living in Muslim or Hindu-dominated states
    3) A working party was to be set up- frame the constitution to the 2 (⬆️) principles
57
Q

What was the reaction of Congress to the Lahore resolution?

A
  • battles of words between Jinnah and Gandhi
  • Gandhi- partition- suicide for India- vivisection of country
  • mini Satyagraha campaigns broke out
  • Raj acted swiftly-jailed
  • Nehru denounced idea of separate Muslim state- mad scheme- toured India to strengthen will of congress supporters
  • young congress- wearing pseudo uniforms for conflict with Muslims
  • congress=self- inflicted wound- withdrawal of congress representatives from positions of authority and influence- weakened political hand
58
Q

Who’s idea was it for a separate state?

A
  • ‘separate’ was reinforced relentlessly
  • not certain envisaged separate states- east and west Pakistan nor that Jinnah wanted this- may have just been using as bargaining tactic to gain separate representation within united subcontinent
  • likely was in mind with prominent figures eg: Bengali politician- Fazul Haq
  • all Muslims agreed unlike congress
  • no longer see a Hindu-Muslim re-approachment
59
Q

What was the August offer?

A
  • 1940-2 months after the Lahore Resolution
  • Linlithgow (viceroy) invited Jinnah and Simla to discuss issues related to India and the war
  • Jinnah submitted a list of proposals for Linlithgow (welcomed) and made basis of 1940 offer
    1) ’representative’ Indians would join his Executive Council
    2) A War Advisory Council-established and included prices and other interested parties
    3) Assurance the government would not adopt any new constitution without prior approval of Muslim India
60
Q

What was the reaction of the British, what did this mean for congress?

A
  • British made clear wouldn’t transfer power to a system of government where India would not make a meaningful contribution
  • Muslim League at the centre of any decision- making bahut the future if India- offer
  • Secretary of State (LS Amery)- said situation would be easier if congress spoke for all the main elements in India’s National Congress-recognised that congress doesn’t speak for whole of India
  • Muslim League strengthened and had more British on side due to the role Muslims played in the Indian army which strengthened Jinnah’s hand especially because of attitude of congress
  • Not whether power should be transferred but to whom?
61
Q

Bose and the axis powers:

-what was the Forward Bloc?

A
  • 1939-Subhas Chandra Bose left congress
  • out-manouvered by Gandhi- Bose formed Forward Bloc party= terrorist organisation aimed at getting the British to quit India
  • Initially wanted left-wing sections of congress to develop an alternative leadership within congress but strongly became an anti-British organisation (especially after outbreak of war)
  • Bose travelled to India to rally support for its new party
  • Held first All-India Conference in Nagpur- socialist political party (declared) and passed resolution urging militant action against colonial rule
  • motto- “Unity, Faith and Sacrifice”
62
Q

Bose’s actions during the Second World War:

A
  • arrestee 2nd July by British- suspected treason and fear uprising jail in Calcutta
  • Jan 1941 escaped and exile
  • went to Soviet Union (via Afghanistan) to persuade Stalin to support Indian Independence- failed (not part of his priorities)
  • went to Britain’s enemy instead- Germany
  • reaction
  • Hitler- lukewarm- feared collapse of British Raj in India would lead Russia to gain dominance in subcontinent
  • Bose encouraged Indians to rise up against British tyranny
  • Nazi agreed he could work with Japanese on a possible land invasion into India
  • In Japan, Boss formed the INA (Indian National Army) from Indian prisoners of war taken by Japanese
  • initially used as agenda behind two scenes to spy and sabotage mainland India (most picked up by Indian authorities)
  • some became double agents
  • some went home
63
Q

Invasion of India:

A
  • Limited to Japan’s objectives which meant only taking certain areas of India eg: Imphal, Manipur frontier with Burma (fallen to Japanese in 1942)
  • 1944-6000 soldiers of INA with Japanese invaded, of these 600 deserted to British, 400 killed, 1,500 died from dysentery and malaria, 1,400 invalided out of war zone, rest surrendered
  • failed
  • Bose died 1945 plane crash- some conspiracy theories
64
Q

Overall….

A
  • 1930s not dramatic change
  • SWW- shift- Independence seemed achievable
  • congress= still had control and influence over millions of India’s and were against Raj
  • Muslim League strengthened its position- separate community possible and may even be desirable
  • Raj-gold India by force and resilient
65
Q

Evidence that the INA posed a threat:

A
  • support from Hitler and Japanese
  • Fighting British (physical)-captured military posts of Klang Klang and Ukhral and Kohima
  • inspired uprisings in armed forces of the country eg: Indian Naval Ratings in Mumbai rise in revolt against the British, similar in Kolkata, Chennai and Karachi
  • made British more willing to compromise?-realise can’t keep power forever
  • mobilised manpower and money for war against British, modern arms and weapons (unlike WW1)
  • more radical- British not expect it?
66
Q

Evidence that the INA did NOT pose a serious threat:

A
  • power limited by objectives of the Japanese
  • did not liberate India- failed-death and desertion
  • Bose killed in 1945 after attack
  • Agents unsuccessful (most of the time)-left or found by Indian authorities
  • Hitler not completely convinced- took some convincing and not same agenda- just cause dislike British? (Matter?)
  • Indians prisoners of war-formed from= lack of morals and belief
  • no success with Soviet Union
67
Q

How could you define ‘significant threat’?

A
  • challenging British dominance/ authority
  • potential threat of world powers and other countries
  • mass support from Indian people

(Have a concluding paragraph in notes have a look! 👀)

68
Q

REMEMBER!!

A

Have made 2.3 Revision worksheets with spec summarised!! 😋

69
Q

What could you say about the INA?

A
  • although unsuccessful, perhaps British did underestimate military power of Bose and his negotiating with world powers
  • INA had power to provoke unrest within India

History- Cavell (12 decks)

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