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Dentistry Year 2 Term 1 > Daleel Daib > Flashcards

Daleel Daib Flashcards

1
Q

What teeth erupt from ages 6-8

3

A

First permanent molars
Central incisors
Lateral incisors

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2
Q

What teeth erupt from ages 11-12

4

A

First Premolars
Second premolars
Canines
Second molars

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3
Q

How much of the root is complete at eruption

How long between eruption and root formation

A

2/3

2-3 years

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4
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 6

2

A

Mandibular and maxillary first molars

Mandibular central incisors

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5
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 7

2

A

Maxillary central incisors

Mandibular lateral incisors

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6
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 8

1

A

Maxillary lateral incisors

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7
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 11

2

A

Mandibular and maxillary first premolar

Mandibular canine

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8
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 12

2

A

Mandibular and maxillary second premolars

Maxillary canine

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9
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 13-15

1

A

Second molars

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10
Q

What teeth erupt at dental age 18-21

1

A

Third molars

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11
Q

What toll like receptor does LPS of gram negative bacteria bind to to induce inflammatory cascade

A

TLR4

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Type 1: immediate hypersensitivity
Type 2: antibody mediated hypersensitivity
Type 3: immune complex mediated hypersensitivity
Type 4: T cell mediated hypersensitivity

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13
Q

What happens during type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

IgE antibodies sensitise mast cells after they are released from plasma cells in response to allergen, when body comes into contact with allergen again sensitised mast cells trigger complementary cascade

Anaphylaxis
Atopy

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14
Q

What happens during type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

IgG or IgM antibodies coat surface of bodies own cell antigens, opsonising them. This triggers complementary cascade leading to inflammation and destruction of own cells via MAC or NK cells

Rheumatic heart disease
Haemolytic anaemia
Pernicious anaemia

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15
Q

What happens during type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

Insoluble immune complexes of antibodies IgG and IgM form in the blood and are deposited onto tissues activating compliment cascade and destruction and inflammation of host tissues

Rheumatoid arthritis
Serum sickness
Subacute bacterial endocarditis

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16
Q

What happens during type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

What are some examples

A

CD4 T cells recruit macrophages and neutrophils, CD8 T cells induce cell lysis

Contact dermatitis
Temporal arteritis, transplant rejection, leprosy symptoms, TB symptoms, coeliac disease

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17
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is angioedema

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is a lichenoid reaction to dental materials

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is vesiculobullous oral disease

A

Type 1
Type 4
Type 2

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18
Q

What are the main antibodies of the primary immune response

A

IgM

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19
Q

What are the main antibodies of the secondary immune response

A

IgG

20
Q

What are the components of a vaccine and what do they do

3

A

Antigen- part or all of infectious microbe that triggers immune response
Preservatives and stabilisers- Thermosal, MSG
Adjuvants- added to induce stronger immune response often in subunit vaccines such as aluminium or lipid A

21
Q

What type of vaccines are Hepatitis B vaccine, Pertussis and Influenza vaccine

A

Subunit

22
Q

What type of vaccines are diptheria and tetanus vaccines

A

Toxoid

23
Q

What type of vaccine in the Hib vaccine

A

Conjugate vaccine

24
Q

What type of vaccine is the inactivated polio vaccine and hepatitis A vaccine

A

Inactivated vaccine

25
Q

What type of vaccine is Mar, chicken pox, measles and live polio vaccine

A

Live attenuated

26
Q

How is polio spread

What percentage of polio cases invade motor neurones leading to paralysis

A

Faeco oral transmission

0.5%

27
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the inactivated polio vaccine

A

No risk of vaccine related polio

Doesn’t stimulate antibody production in the gut so less effective against wild polio
Protects only immunised person as others cannot contract the inactivated strains

28
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the oral (live) polio vaccine

A

Replicates wild polio virus as closely as possible
Local mucosal immune response leads to creation of antibodies in the GALT (the area most likely to come into contact with wild polio)
Community benefit- others can pick up weakened strain

Weakened form of pathogen may mutate back to wild type polio and cause disease

29
Q

What type of vaccine is the HPV vaccine

What strains of HPV does it protect against
4

What strain can infect back of throat, tonsils and base of tongue and cause cancer

A

Subunit

HPV16, HPV18, HPV6, HPV1

HPV16

30
Q

Where are non steroid hormone receptors found

A

Transmembrane receptors on cell surface membrane

31
Q

What are the amine hormones (non Steroid)
Where are they produces
Are they water or lipid soluble
3

A

Adrenaline- adrenal medulla- water soluble

Noradrenaline- adrenal medulla- water soluble

Thyroid hormone- thyroid gland- lipid soluble

32
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from

Are they lipid or water soluble

How are they transported

Where are their receptors

A

Cholesterol

Lipid soluble

Bind to specific binding proteins in blood

Intracellular

33
Q

What is the basic steroid hormone structure

3

A

Four linked hydrocarbon rings
Hydrocarbon tail
Hydroxyl group

34
Q

What are the types of steroid hormones

6

A 
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids
Oestrogen
Androgen
Progestogen
Secosteroid
35
Q

What are the layers of the adrenal cortex going outwards and what hormones do they produce
3

A

Zona reticularis- androgens
Zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids
Zona glomerulosa- mineralocorticoids

36
Q

What is the key glucocorticoid hormone

What does it do
5

A

Cortisol

Stress response
Increases blood glucose levels through gluconeogenesis and suppression of glucose use by cells
Increases protein breakdown and mobilisation of amino acids
Anti inflammatory and immune suppression
Increases mobilisation of fatty acids from adipose

37
Q

How is cortisol regulated

A

Cortisol secretion stimulated by ACTH from anterior pituitary

ACTH release stimulated by CRH from hypothalamus

Release of ACTH and CRH regulated by negative feedback loop of plasma cortisol levels

38
Q

What disorder is caused by cortisol deficiency

What causes primary hypoadrenocorticism
What causes secondary hypoadrenocorticism

What are the symptoms of this disease
5

A

Addisons disease

Primary hypoadrenocorticism caused by autoimmune damage
Secondary hypoadrenocorticism caused by long term steroid therapy

Hypotension
Fever, muscle weakness and malaise
GIT symptoms- nausea or anorexia
Weight loss
Depression
39
Q

What is addisonian crisis and why might it occur

A

A medical emergency that patients with hypoadrenocorticism my be at risk of due to stress associated with dental intervention causing hypotension and hypoglycaemia due to reduced cortisol secretion in time of demand

40
Q

What disorders are caused by cortisol excess
2

What are the symptoms

A

Cushings disease- caused by increased ACTH secretion due to tumour in anterior pituitary

Cushings syndrome- excess cortisol due to endogenous or exogenous source

Weight gain (moon face/buffalo hump), hypertension, cardiac disease, secondary diabetes, easily bruising skin, hirsutism, frontal baldness, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, reduced libido, depression

41
Q

What relevancy does hyperadrenocorticism have in the dental setting

A

Patients with hyperadrenocorticism are predisposed to opportunistic infections after extraction or candidiasis. They have reduced wound healing

42
Q

Wha is the main mineralocorticoid hormone

What does it do
3

A

Aldosterone

Regulates sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys to sustain ECF volume

Promotes sodium reabsorption in distal renal tubes

Stimulates potassium excretion into lumen of distal renal tubules

43
Q

How is aldosterone regulated

A

Aldosterone secretion stimulated by angiotensin 2 in the renin angiotensin system

Aldosterone release inhibited by arterial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secreted by atrial myocytes in response to volume expansion

44
Q

What disorder is caused by excess aldosterone

A

Conns syndrome- caused by adrenal adenoma (tumour)

45
Q

Why may a patient be taking hydrocortisone

What would you prescribe Hydrocortisone for

A

Eczma, asthma, anaphylaxis

Hydrocortisone cream - angular cheilitis
Hydrocortisone oromucosal tablets- used to treat mucosal ulceration and inflammation

46
Q

What would you prescribe betamethozone for

A

Betamethasone tablets- dissolved and used as mouthwash for extensive inflammation or ulceration

47
Q

Why might a patient be taking beclometasone

Why might you prescribe beclometasone

A

Asthma

Beclometasone inhaler (clenil modulite)- sprayed onto tongue lesions

Dentistry Year 2 Term 1 (6 decks)

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