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Biology 1A > Chapter 3 - Circulation > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is diffusion time proportional to?

A

Distance^2

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2
Q

What is a circulatory system?

A

An organ system that transports blood containing nutrients such as oxygen and CO2

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3
Q

What are the three main components of the circulatory system?

A
  1. Circulatory fluid
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Muscular Pump (Heart)
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4
Q

What is an open circulatory system?

A

nutrients and waste are moved through the body by a fluid which flows freely through the body cavity, rather than being contained in veins

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5
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?

A

Blood is contained within blood vessels at all times

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6
Q

What is the name of the circulatory fluid?

A

Hemolymph

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7
Q

What animals have an open circulatory system?

A

Anthropoids and Molluscs

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8
Q

What animals have a closed circulatory system?

A

All vertebrates, Annelids and Cephlapods

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9
Q

What animals have a single and double circulatory system?

A

Single - fish

Double - humans, reptiles, amphibians and birds

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10
Q

What animals have a three chambered heart?

A

Amphibians and reptiles (two atria and one ventricle)

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11
Q

What are the two loops of blood vessels in a human heart?

A

Pulmonary circulation 9%

Systemic circulation 84%

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12
Q

What is the contraction phase of the heart pumping?

A

Systole

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13
Q

What is the relaxation phase of the heart?

A

Diastole

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14
Q

What part of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from the body?

A

Right atria

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15
Q

What part of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery?

A

Right ventricle

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16
Q

What artery transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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17
Q

What part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins?

A

Left atrium

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18
Q

Which part of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body via the aorta?

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid and Mitral (bicuspid) valves

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20
Q

Where would you find the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atria and ventricle

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21
Q

Where would you find the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Between the left atria and ventricle

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22
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Aortic and pulmonary valve

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23
Q

Where would you find the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

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24
Q

Where would you find the pulmonary valve?

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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25
Q

What does the coronary sinus do?

A

Transports deoxygenated blood to the heart via the heart walls aka the hearts own blood supply

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26
Q

What valves contract during systole?

A

Tricuspid and mitral

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27
Q

What valves contract during diastole?

A

Aortic and pulmonary

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28
Q

What does autorythmic mean?

A

Contracts and relaxes without any signal from the nervous system

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29
Q

What controls the coordinated contractions of the heart?

A

The SA node (pacemaker)

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30
Q

Describe the heart conduction system

A

SA node > spreads signals through atria > AV delays signals to allow for atria to empty completely of blood before the ventricles contract > bundle branches pass signal to heart apex > purkinje fibres spread signals through ventricle >

SA node > AV Node > bundle branches > Purkinje Fibres

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31
Q

What hormones effect heart rate?

A

Epinephrine

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32
Q

What hormone speeds up the SA node?

A

Epinephrine

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33
Q

What gland secretes epinephrine?

A

Adrenal gland

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34
Q

How much does body temperature at 1oc increase heart rate?

A

10 beats/minute

35
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

component of the peripheral nervous system regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal.

36
Q

What two nerves make up the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

37
Q

What is the role of the Sympathetic nerves?

A

Release norepinephrine that increase the heart rate and force of contraction

38
Q

Where does the sympathetic nerves originate from?

A

T1- T4 levels of the spinal cord

39
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nerves?

A

Releases acetylcholine that decreases heart rate and force of contraction

40
Q

Where does the parasympathetic nerves originate?

A

The vagus nerve

41
Q

What arteries supply the heart with blood?

A

Coronary arteries

42
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped through the heart per minute

43
Q

What is cardiac output dependent on?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume

44
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of beats per minute

45
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood pumped in a single contraction

46
Q

What determines blood pressure?

A

Cardiac output and peripheral resistance

47
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Build up of fatty substances in the arterial wall

48
Q

What is a deep vein thrombosis?

A

Pooling of blood in the vein causing clotting

49
Q

Where is the velocity of blood slowest?

A

In the capillary beds due to the high resistance and large cross sectional area

50
Q

How to measure pulse pressure?

A

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

51
Q

What is the role of precapillary spinchters?

A

Control blood flow between arterioles and venules

52
Q

What drives fluid out of the capillaries?

A

Blood Pressure

53
Q

What drives fluid back into the capillaries?

A

Blood proteins known as osmotic pressure

54
Q

True or false - on average there is a net loss from the capillaries

A

True

55
Q

What is the equation for net loss in the capillaries?

A

Fluid out - fluid in mmHg

56
Q

What pressure drops along the capillaries?

A

Blood pressure

57
Q

What is the name for fluid lost by the capillaries?

A

Lymph

58
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

A series of drains that returns fluid that has leaked out the capillaries back into the veins

59
Q

What is Oedema?

A

Swelling caused by distributions in the flow of lymph

60
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Organs that filter lymph and play an important role in the body’s defence

61
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

A system of branching ducts that conveys air into the lungs

62
Q

What is pleural space?

A

Potential space between the lung and ribs containing pleural fluid

63
Q

What is the role of pleural fluid?

A

Prevents friction between the lung and ribs

64
Q

What is diffusion rate dependant on?

A 
Surface area ( large ) 
Concentration difference 
Distance ( short )
65
Q

Describe the structure of alveoli

A

Honeycombs surrounded by dense capillary networks

66
Q

How many alveoli does a human contain?

A

500 million +

67
Q

What type of tissue makes up alveoli?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

68
Q

What is negative pressure breathing?

A

When air is drawn into the lungs - DIAPHRAGM moves down

69
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.4

70
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A blood protein that is able to bind with haem to carry oxygen

71
Q

How many subunits does haemoglobin have?

A

Four

72
Q

What do all heam groups contain?

A

Iron

73
Q

When would a haemoglobin be said to be 100% saturated?

A

When all sites have been bound with oxygen

74
Q

In what cells is haemoglobin contained?

A

Erythrocytes

75
Q

What is pO2 levels in the lungs?

A

100mmhg

76
Q

What are pO2 levels of tissues at rest?

A

40mmHg

77
Q

What is the partial pressure (pO2) of tissues during exercise?

A

<20%

78
Q

At what pH does pO2 and haemoglobin reach disassociation?

A

7.4

79
Q

What decreases haem subunits affinity for oxygen?

A

A change in their shape

80
Q

What are the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported?

A

5% dissolved CO2
5% attached to haemoglobin and other blood proteins
90% as bicarbonate ions

81
Q

What is the name of an oxygen storing protein found in mammals such as seals?

A

Myoglobin

82
Q

Describe the structure of blood

A

Cells and cell fragments (platelets) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma

83
Q

What is the role of plasma?

A

Influence blood pH, osmotic pressure, viscosity

They all aid in immunity as antibodies, lipid transports and blood clotting

Biology 1A (9 decks)

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