Endcrinology

Question 1

HBA1C goal

Answer 1

Below 6.5.

Question 2

Signs of diabetic retinopathy

Answer 2

Microaneurysms, yellow ring (protein leakage), cotton wool spots, neovascularisation especially at the disk

Question 3

Alpha 1 anti trypsin deficiency pathophysiology and inheritance

Answer 3

Lack of protein leads to excessive protease enzymes (elastase) which attacks the liver and lung causing basal emphysema, fibrosis and liver cirrhosis. Autosomal recessive.

Question 4

Gilbert’s syndrome symptoms and cause

Answer 4

Jaundice during periods of physiological stress. Caused by a deficiency of UPD (autosomal recessive).