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Sociology > Families > Flashcards

Families Flashcards

1
Q

Murdock

Function of the Family

A

Functionalist

  • Four functions
  • Reproductive, Sexual, Socialisation, Financial
  • This creates social cohesion
  • Society runs smoothly

Evaluation:
Is too optimistic “rose-tinted” – Ignores the negative aspects of family life like violence

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2
Q

Parsons

Function of the Family

A

Functionalist

  • Structural differentiation – now only 2 functions
  • Socialisation and Stabilisation (warm bath)
  • “Functional fit” - Family has changed structure to meet needs of post-industrial society -> social & geographical mobility

Evaluation:
1. Out-of date gender roles.

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3
Q

Engels

Function of the Family

A

Marxist

  • Monogamy is needed to guarantee paternity to keep property in the hands of the RC
  • Women exchange sex and heirs for economic security in a patriarchal, capitalist world.

Evaluation:
Out-of-date. Women earn own money, marriage and families no longer necessary for security.

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4
Q

Althusser

Function of the Family

A

Marxist

  • Family is part of the Ideological State Apparatus (ISA)
  • Passes on ideology of the RC
  • Maintains false class consciousness

Evaluation:
Assumes people are passive in accepting the RC ideology

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5
Q

Zaretsky

Function of the Family

A

Marxist

  • Family maintains social class inequality
  • Families are units of consumption, buying goods from capitalists
  • Families provide “safe haven” in private sphere

Evaluation:
Safe haven is similar to Parsons’ “warm bath”, but believes this stops revolution, not positive.

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6
Q

Ansley

Function of the Family

A

Feminist
(Marxist)

  • Women are “takers of shit”
  • Absorb anger of working men who are exploited

-Explains domestic violence patterns

Eval: Too Deterministic

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7
Q

Greer

Function of the Family

A

Feminist
(Radical)

  • Relationships in all spheres of life are patriarchal
  • Argued for the creation of matri-local (all-female) households

Evaluation:
Ignores progress of Feminist movement

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8
Q

Nordqvist & Smart

Function of the Family

A

Personal Life Perspective
(post-modernist)

  • Donor-conceived children
  • Argued social bonds were more important than genetic ones in this case

Evaluation:
View encompasses too many broad ideas of family.

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9
Q

Fox-Harding

Social Policies

A
  • Social housing policies favour married couples
  • Single-parents worst social housing
  • Houses designed for nuclear families, with distinctive areas, discouraging other household forms

Evaluation:
Supported by Barrett and McIntosh who say cereal packet family stereotype devalues other families.

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10
Q

Parson

Couples

A

Functionalist

•Men = Instrumental, Women = expressive role

Evaluation: Feminist reject that division of labour is natural

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11
Q

Bott

Couples

A

March of progress

  • Seperated conjugal roles
  • Joint conjugal roles
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12
Q

Young and willmott

Couples

A

March of Progress

  • The symmetrical family
  • Increase in joint conjugal roles
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13
Q

Oakley

Couples

A

Feminist

  • Critsies ‘symmetrical family’ > exaggerated
  • only 15% of husbands had a high level of participation
  • ‘ironed their shirts once a week’
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14
Q

Boulton

Couples

A

Feminist

  • The wife is seen as responsible for children’s welfare
  • Even when men ‘help’, less than one in five husbands took a major part in childcare
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15
Q

Duncombe and Marsden

Couples

A

Feminist

  • Dual Burden (paid and unpaid work)
  • Triple shift (paid, unpaid and emotional work)
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16
Q

Gershuny

Couples

A
  • Couples are adapting to women working full-time
  • Establishing a new norm of men doing more domestic work

Analysis: reflect on the gender role socialisation of younger generation in favour of more equal relationships

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17
Q

Dunne

Couples

A
  • Same-sex couples didn’t link household tasks to gender scripts
  • More open to negotiation > more equal division of labour

Evaluation: partner doing more paid work, they did less domestic work

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18
Q

Kan

Couples

A

Material explanation for domestic division

•Found that for every £10’00 a year more a women earns, she does 2 hours less housework per week

Supported by> Arber and Ginn: M/c women can buy more household equipments to cut down on work. i.e Laundry

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19
Q

Ramos

Couples

A

Women is full-time breadwinner and the man is unemployed > they do equal amounts of domestic labour

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20
Q

Pahl and Vogler

Couples

A

Resources and decision making

  • The allowance system > men work and give their non-working wives an allowance > she budget to meet the family needs
  • Pooling > partners work and have joint responsibility for spending e.g joint bank account

Analysis: pooling money doesn’t mean there is equality. Who controls the pool? Contributing equally?

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21
Q

Kempson

Couples

A

Feminist

  • Women in low-income families denied their own needs to make ends meet
  • Even equated income households, resources are often shared unequally, leaving women in poverty
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22
Q

Edgell

Couple

A
  • Professional couples (both full time) > found inequalities
  • Very important decisions > take by the husband alone or having the final say
  • Material > Men earn more > more power
  • Cultural > gender role socialisation > men decision-makers
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23
Q

Smart

Couples

A
  • Same-sex couples give money different meanings
  • Don’t not enter the relationship seeing money as source of power

Evaluate: Cultural and material explanations of decision making

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24
Q

Coleman et al

Couples

A

Domestic violence

•Women more likely to have experienced ‘intimate violence’ across all four types of abuse – Partner abuse, family abuse, sexual assault and stalking

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25
Q

Ansara and Hindin

Couples

A

Domestic violence

  • Women suffered more severe violence and control, with more psychological effects
  • Found women much more likely to be fearful of their partners
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26
Q

Dar

Couples

A

Domestic violence

  • Difficult to count separate domestic violence incidents
  • Abuse may be continuous (living under constant threat) or may occur so often that the victim cannot reliably count the instances
27
Q

Benedict

Childhood

A
  • Argues that children in simpler, non-industrial societies are treated differently
  • They have more responsibility at home and work
  • less value is placed on obedience to adult authority
  • Children’s sexual behaviour is often viewed differently
28
Q

Cunningham

Childhood

A
  • Children are seen as the opposite of adults, with the right to happiness
  • Childhood is seen as a special, innocent time of life
29
Q

Ariès

Childhood

A
  • In medieval Europe, the idea of childhood did not exist
  • Work began from an early age
  • Children were ’mini-adults’ with the same rights, duties and skills as adults

Shorter: parental attitudes toward children were very different > e.g. high child death > encouraged neglect

30
Q

Why has the position of children changed?

A
  • Lower infant mortality rates and smaller families
  • Laws banning child labour
  • Compulsory schooling
  • Children’s
    rights
31
Q

Postman

Childhood

A

•Argues that childhood is disappearing > children becoming more like adults > e.g. clothing, leisure and even crime

  • In print culture > children lacked literacy skills > adult hiding knowledge of sex, drugs, violence
  • Television culture > information available to adult and children alike > the boundary is broke down > adult authority weakened

Evaluation: over-emphasis on single factor > ignoring others, i.e. rising living standards

32
Q

Opie

Childhood

A
  • Believed that childhood is not disappearing

* E.g. separate children’s culture continues to exist in the form of games, songs, jokes etc

33
Q

Jenks

Childhood

A

Postmodernist

  • Modern society created childhood to prepare the individual to become a productive adult
  • To achieve this > the vulnerable, undeveloped child needed to be nurtured and protected.
34
Q

Has the position of children improved?

A

1 - Children are better cared in for in terms of their educational, psychological and medical needs

2- Most babies now survive > infant mortality rate in 1900 was 154 > now it is 4

3 - Higher living standards and smaller family sizes > provide for children’s needs

4 - Children are protected from harm and exploitation by laws > child abuse, child labour

35
Q

Palmer

Childhood

A
  • Family child-centric
    •‘toxic childhood’
    •Technological and cultural changes are damaging children’s development
    •E.g. junk food, computer games, intensive marketing

Evaluation: not all children are equally affected by these trends – those in higher social classes are less affected

36
Q

Inequalities among children

A

Gender differences (feminists): girls are expected to do more housework

Ethnic differences: Asian parents are more likely to be stricter towards daughters than sons

Class inequalities (Marxists): poor children more likely to die in infancy or do badly at school

37
Q

Gittins

Childhood

A

Marxist Feminist

  • Age patriarchy
  • Adult domination that keeps children subordinate
38
Q

Murdock

Theories of the family

A

Functionalist

  • Stable satisfaction of the sex drive
  • Reproduction of the next generation
  • Socialisation of the young
  • Satisfaction of members’ economic needs

Eval: assume the family is harmonious and ignore conflict

39
Q

Nuclear family features (Parsons)

A

Geographical mobility: easier to move where jobs are

Social mobility: Adult sons can achieve higher status that their fathers > setting up their own nuclear family unit prevents status conflict

40
Q

New Right

Theories of the family

A
  • A biologically based division of labour
  • Families should be self-reliant

Eval: gender roles are not ‘biological’ > but socially constructed > learned through socialisation

41
Q

Engels

Theories of the family

A

Marxist

  • Passing on wealth > Private property
  • Maintain the ruling class status

Feminists: argued that this meant that women became the private property of her husband > ensure he was the father of her children

42
Q

Zaretsky

Theories of the family

A

Marxist

  • Ideological functions
  • ‘cult of private life’
  • Belief that fulfilment can only be gained from family life > distracts attention from exploitation

Eval; ignores family diversity and assume the nuclear family is the universal norm

43
Q

Ansley

Theories of the family

A

Marxist Feminist

  • Wives are the ‘takers of shit’
  • Soak up husband’s frustration from alienation and exploitation they suffer at work
44
Q

Smart

Theories of the family

A

Personal life perspective

•Family is more than just blood ties – includes pets, fictive kin, friends, dead relatives, donor families.

Eval: ignores what might be special about ‘traditional’ family ties based on blood and marriage

45
Q

Greer

Theories of the family

A

Radical feminist

  • Argues for a matrilocal household (separatism)
  • Having heterosexual relationships is ‘sleeping with the enemy’
46
Q

McKeown

Demography

A

•Improved nutrition played a significant part in reduction of the death rate

Eval > Tranter: Fall of deaths is mainly due the fall in number of infectious diseases

47
Q

Weeks

Changing family patterns

A
  • Chosen families
  • in same sex relationships roles are created around kinship and friendship
  • they are as stable as traditional families
48
Q

Beck and Giddens

Changing family patterns

A
  • The pure relationship
  • Relationships exists solely to satisfy each partner’s needs and not out of sense of duty, tradition or kids
  • Individualisation increased self-interest
49
Q

Fletcher

Changing family patterns

A
  • Higher expectation of marriage led to higher divorce rate
  • Marriage is now based purely on love, not duty or economic factors. If love dies, there’s no reason to stay together
  • High levels of re-marriage > not rejecting marriage as an institution
50
Q

Mitchell and Goody

Changing family patterns

A
  • Important change since 1960s has been the rapid decline in stigma attached to divorce
  • Becoming more socially acceptable > couples more willing to resort to divorce as a means of solving their marital problems
51
Q

Allan and Crow

Changing family patterns

A
  • They argue “marriage is less embedded within economic system’ now
  • Spouses are not so dependent on each other economically
52
Q

Hochschild

Changing family patterns

A
  • Argues that for many women, the home compares unfavourably with work
  • In work, women feel valued
  • Men’s continuing resistance to doing housework makes marriage less stable
53
Q

Bernard

Changing family patterns

A
  • Women feel growing dissatisfaction with patriarchal marriage
  • Argues that rising divorce rate > evidence that women are more conscious of patriarchal oppression and more confident about rejecting it
54
Q

Morgan

Changing family patterns

A

interactionist

  • Argues we cannot generalise the meaning of divorce
  • Every individuals interpretation is different
55
Q

Smart

Changing family patterns

A

Personal life perspective

  • Divorce has become ‘normalised’
  • Family life can now adapt to it without disintegrating
  • We should see divorce as ‘one transition amongst others in the life course’
56
Q

Chester

Changing family patterns

A
  • For most people, cohabitation is part of the process of getting married
  • According to Ernestina Coast, 75% of cohabiting couples say they expect to marry each other
57
Q

Duncan and Philips

Changing family patterns

A
  • ‘living apart together’ > LAT
  • 1 in 10 adults are LAT
  • Couples dating while not living together
58
Q

Renvoize

Changing family patterns

A
  • Single by choice > lone-parent families > female-headed > not wish to cohabit or marry or wish to limit the father’s involvement with the child >
  • Found that professional women were able to support their child without the father’s involvement
59
Q

Murray

Social Policy and the Family

A

New Right

  • Benefits are ‘perverse incentives’ > rewarding irresponsible behaviour
  • ‘Structural differentiation’ ruins the family
60
Q

Delphy and Leonard

Function of the Family

A

Marxist Feminist

  • the family acts as a safety valve
  • women provide a sanctuary for male workers through their emotional expressive work, helping to prevent frustration at work spilling over into unrest.

Eval; Women’s roles are not the same in all families, and today most women are in employment.

61
Q

Fletcher

Social Policy and the Family

A

Functionalist

•Introduction of health, education and housing policies > development of the welfare state > supports the family in preforming its functions more effectively

Eval: New right criticism

62
Q

Almond

Social Policy and the Family

A

New right

•Laws making divorce easier undermines the idea of marriage as a lifelong commitment

63
Q

Leonard

Social Policy and the Family

A

Feminist

  • Where policies appear to support women, they still reinforce the patriarchal family
  • E.g. Maternity leave policies > the care of infant is the responsibility of mothers

Eval: not all policies > equal pay and sex discrimination

64
Q

Drew

Social Policy and the Family

A

Feminist

  • Familistic > policies based on traditional gender stereotypes > breadwinner and housewife
  • Individualistic > policies based on the belief that both can be treated equally

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