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Sociology > Exam Questions Crime > Flashcards

Exam Questions Crime Flashcards

1
Q

Outline two reasons for the inevitability of crime (4)

A
  • Socialisation might fail > not everyone socialised on norms and values
  • fragmentation of society > diversity of values
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2
Q

Outline three positive functions of crime (6)

A
  1. Boundary maintenance > commit crime > punished by the CJS > reminds other citizens of value consensus
  2. Warning device > when society needs to adapt and change as a result of a crime
  3. Safety Valve > Davis > maintenance of social order > prostitution > men release sexual tension
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3
Q

Outline three criticisms of the Functionalist understanding of crime and deviance (6)

A
  • Ignores victims of crimes
  • The intention of crime isn’t to create social solidarity
  • doesn’t provide explanation of the causes of crime
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4
Q

Outline three ways individuals adapt to strain (6)

A
  • Conformity > accept the cultural goals and strive to achieve them legitimately
  • Innovation > individuals accept the goal of money success but use ‘new’ illegitimate means
  • Retreatism > individuals reject both the goals and the legitimate means > dropouts > drug addicts
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5
Q

Outline three criticisms for strain theory (6)

A
  • official statistics over-represent W/C
  • ignores the crimes of the powerful
  • it ignores non-utilitarian crime > violence and vandalism
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6
Q

Outline two criticisms of strain theory according to subcultural theory (4)

A
  • Merton sees deviance as individual > crime is usually committed by groups
  • it ignores non-utilitarian crime > violence and vandalism
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7
Q

Outline two reasons why boys may suffer from ‘status frustration’ (4)

A
  • Cultural deprivation > not succeeding through legitimate means
  • Material deprivation > looking for monetary gain
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8
Q

Outline three types of delinquent subculture (6)

A
  • Criminal > organised crime
  • Conflict > gangs and post codes > unorganised
  • Retreatist > fail to achieve illegitimate means
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9
Q

Outline three reasons why crime is socially constructed (4)

A
  • dark figure of crime > crimes that are not included in official crime statistics
  • labelling > society decides what’s criminal or not
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10
Q

Outline two roles of moral entrepreneurs (4)

A
  • labelling > decides what’s and who’s criminal or not

- influence legislation > moral panic

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11
Q

Outline three impacts of labelling on an individual or groups (6)

A
  • Deviant career > label becomes master status
  • impacts official crime statistics
  • leads to deviance amplification spiral
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12
Q

Outline three criticisms of labelling theory (6)

A
  • assumes that without labelling, crime wouldn’t exist
  • treats the offender as the victim
  • too deterministic > assumes that labelled individuals will continue to commit crime
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13
Q

Outline three ways capitalism may cause crime (6)

A
  • Poverty under capitalism > crime is the only way W/C can survive
  • Relative deprivation > consumerism leads to more attention of material gain
  • Alienation > anger > violence and disorder
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14
Q

Outline two ideological functions of crime and the law (4)

A
  • laws benefit the ruling class > caring face of capitalism

- selective law enforcement > crime appears to be largely W/C

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15
Q

Outline three criticisms of the Marxist understanding of crime (6)

A
  • ignores the relationship between crime and non-class inequalities > ethnicity and gender
  • too deterministic > over-predicts the amount of crime in W/C
  • not all capitalist societies have hight crime rates > the US and Finland
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16
Q

Outline two differences between Marxist and Neo-Marxist views of crime (4)

A
  • Neo Marxists argue crime is not caused by external factors such as labelling
  • Neo marxists argue that crime is a voluntary act
17
Q

Outline three reasons why individuals or groups commit crime according to Neo-Marxists (6)

A
  • Theft is redistributing wealth from the rich to the poor
  • Vandalism is a symbolic attack against capitalism
  • Retreatist > rejection of utilitarian goal > drug crime
18
Q

Outline three criticisms of critical criminology (or Neo-Marxist) (6)

A
  • Romanticises W/C criminals as ‘Robin Hoods’
  • Taylor et al > do not take crime seriously > ignore its effect on W/C victims
  • Bruke > critical criminology is too general to explain crime and too idealistic
19
Q

Outline two crimes of the powerful (4)

A
  • Corporate crime > committed by employees for the benefit of their organisation
  • Occupational crime > committed by employees for their own personal gain
20
Q

Outline three types of corporate crime (6)

A
  • Financial crimes > tax evasion, bribery, money laundering and illegal accounting
  • Crimes against consumers > false labelling and selling unfit goods (‘food crime’)
  • Crimes against employees > sexual and racial discrimination, violations of wage laws
21
Q

Outline three reasons why corporate crime is ‘invisible’ (6)

A
  • Lack of political will > politicians rhetoric of being ‘tough on crime ‘ is focus on street crime
  • Crimes are often complex > law enforcers are understaffed, under-resourced and lacking technical expertise to investigate effectively
  • Media > limited coverage of corporate crime > reinforcing the stereotype that crime is W/C phenomenon
22
Q

Outline three explanations for corporate crime (6)

A
  • Strain > to achieve society’s goals
  • De-Labelling > ruling class have power to avoid labelling > lawyers, accountants and media
  • Marxism > corporate crime is a result of a normal functioning capitalism
23
Q

Outline two reasons way corporate crime has a low prosecution rate (4)

A
  • Cicourel > justice is not fixed, but negotiable > expensive lawyers
  • Marxist > capitalist countries do not focus on capitalist crimes
24
Q

Outline three criticisms for explanations for corporate crime (6)

A
  • Nelken > it is unrealistic to assume that all businesses would offend were it not for the risk of punishment
  • Doesn’t explain crime in non-profit making organisations
  • Law abiding can be more profitable > US pharmaceutical gaining FDA approval > able to access lucrative markets in poorer countries
25
Q

Functionalism 30m

A
  • Durkheim > good for society
  • Merton > strain theory
  • Cohen > status frustration
  • Cloward and Ohlin > 3 subcultures
26
Q

Marxists 30m

A
  • Gordon > Criminogenic capitalism
  • Chambless > Law making reflects ruling class interests
  • Pearce > Caring face of capitalism
  • Taylor et al > neo-marx > voluntaristic view of crime
27
Q

three ways in which crime and deviance are social constructions

A
  • Historical differences > LGBT
  • Cultural differences > Abortion legal in the UK, illegal in Malta
  • Contextual differences > naked at home, naked outside
28
Q

Outline two ways in which the concept of masculinity can be used to explain why
males commit more crimes than females (4)

A
  • Winlow > industrial jobs decline

- Messerschmidt > violence used to express masculinity

29
Q

Outline two differences between the recorded patterns of male and female
offending (4)

A
  • female crimes might be in the private sphere > less likely to be recorded
  • women less likely to be seen as criminal > Pollak > chivalry thesis
30
Q

Outline two differences between left and right realism (4)

A
  • Left realist argue that you can eradicate crime from the source
  • Left realist argue that it’s the result of material factors, rather than culture
31
Q

Outline two criticisms of the female liberationist idea for apparently rising rates of female crime. (4)

A
  • ignores free will and choice > women now work

- female crime have been rising before liberation

Sociology (10 decks)

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