Chapter 1: Foundations of Biochemistry

Question 1

Living matter is characterized by …

Answer 1

1. High degree of complexity and organization
2. Use of energy to create and maintain structures and to do work
3. Cellular Structure
4. Ability to sense and respond to changes in environment by adapting internal chemistry

Question 2

The universal building block

Answer 2

Cell

Question 3

What are the three domains of life

Answer 3

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 4

A highly viscous solution where many reactions take place, very dense with proteins

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Cell structure, created by protein filaments that crisscross that gives the cell shape and allows for movement

Answer 5

Cytoskeleton

Question 6

Microtubles, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments are all part of the …

Answer 6

Cytoskeleton

Question 7

“Photo-“

Answer 7

Energy input from sunlight needed to maintain life (plants and some bacteria)

Question 8

“Chemo-“

Answer 8

Energy input from fuels needed to maintain life (animals and most bacteria)

Question 9

Chiral carbons

Answer 9

A carbon with four different substituents

Question 10

If a molecule has 2 chiral carbons, how many stereoisomers does it have?

Answer 10

4 (2 risen to the nth power)

Question 11

R system chirality

Answer 11

Clockwise

Question 12

S system chirality

Answer 12

Counterclockwise

Question 13

Structural (Constitutional) isomers

Answer 13

Same atoms but different order of bonding and different properties

Question 14

Cis

Answer 14

groups on the same

Question 15

Trans

Answer 15

groups on the opposite sides

Question 16

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 16

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed

Question 17

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 17

A chemical or physical process goes spontaneously in direction of greater disorder (entropy)

Question 18

Catabolism

Answer 18

Energy-producing, breakdown

Question 19

Anabolism

Answer 19

Energy-consuming, biosynthetic

Question 20

Energy available to do work

Answer 20

Free energy

Question 21

Molecules with same chemical bonds but different configuration, and different properties

Answer 21

Stereoisomers

Question 22

Have identical physical properties (except with regard to polarized light) and react identically with achiral reagents, but may have different biological activity

Answer 22

Enantiomers (mirrored images)

Question 23

Have different physical and chemical properties

Answer 23

Diastereomers (not mirrored)

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

For energy in animals, plants and fungi

Question 25

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 25

Processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles

Question 26

Chloroplast

Answer 26

For energy in plant

Question 27

Lysosome

Answer 27

For digestion of unneeded molecules

Question 28

Endosymbiosis

Answer 28

Bacteria consumed by a larger bacteria