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Pathophysiology > Pain, Nutrition, Eating Conditions > Flashcards

Pain, Nutrition, Eating Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

Inability to effectively move in a purposeful manner

A

Immobility

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2
Q

The state of being inactive;idleness; reluctance in action

A

Inactivity

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3
Q

When blood supply is static within the veins

A

Venous stasis

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4
Q

Due to venous stasis, the blood doesn’t move so it coagulates (clots)

A

Thrombosis

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5
Q

Occurs when a blood clot dislodges, gets pumped to the heart and ends up in the lungs

A

Pulmonary embolism

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6
Q

Happens when veins lose pressure gradient and the blood pools and patient’s blood pressure drops when they stand

A

Orthostatic hypotension

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7
Q

Extended immobility leads to ______ cardiac output and heart rate increases.

A

Decreased

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8
Q

What is the accumulation of fluid in the alveoli in the lungs called?

A

Atelectasis

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9
Q

Extended immobility leads to ______ lung expansion

A

Diminished

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10
Q

Immobility leads to being:
Cough _________
Risk for aspiration & _________

A

Suppressed

Pneumonia

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11
Q

What happens to muscles due to immobility and inactivity?

A
  • weaken
  • atrophy
  • contractures
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12
Q

What kind of bone is the first effected by degeneration from immobility?

A

Trabecular bone

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13
Q

What happens to bone due to immobility?

A
  • degeneration
  • demineralization
  • osteoporosis
  • pathological fractures (not caused from injury)
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14
Q

What happens to the renal system due to immobility?

A
  • stasis
  • retention
  • infection
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15
Q

What happens to the GI system due to immobility?

A
  • poor diet
  • slowed peristalsis
  • ineffective defecation
  • constipation
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16
Q

How many stages of pressure injury are there?

A

4

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17
Q

What are some issues with the integumentary system due to immobility?

A
  • dry skin
  • pressure ulcers
  • moisture breakdown
  • tears and bruising
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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of pressure injury?

A

I. skin becomes affected (redness/irritation)
II. loss of skin (epidermal/dermal)
III. damage to fat layers (ulcerations)
IV. damage all the way down to bone

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19
Q

What are some psychosocial issues with immobility?

A
  • social isolation
  • sensory deprivation
  • anxiety /depression
  • fear
  • ineffective thought process (cognitive decline)
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20
Q

How does obesity occur?

A
  • energy intake exceeds energy needs
  • metabolic disorders
  • genetics
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21
Q

Very active fat cells are called _________

A

Adipocytes (adipose cells)

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22
Q

Adipose cells act in the manner of an _________ cell

A

Endocrine

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23
Q

True or false:

Adipose cells release adipokines

A

True

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24
Q

Where is the most harmful adipose tissue found?

A

Abdominal area

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25
Q

What causes a nutritional deficit?

A

Not consuming the required (needed) amount of nutrients

26
Q

What types of proteins do adipose cells make that lead to cellular dysfunction?

A

Adipokines

27
Q

What location of the body has the most adipokines?

A

Abdominal area

28
Q

What are some dysfunctions caused by adipokines?

A
  • cellular insulin sensitivity
  • fat breakdown
  • blood lipid levels
  • hepatic glucose production
29
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Folate

30
Q

Pellagra: pigmented rash on sun-exposed areas

A

Niacin

31
Q

Cheilosis: fissures and irritation at the edges of the mouth

A

Riboflavin

32
Q

Beriberi: neuropathy, muscle weakness, and wasting

A

Thiamine

33
Q

Night blindness

A

vitamin A

34
Q

Neuropathy, depression, microcytic anemia

A

vitamin B6

35
Q

Scurvy: microbleeding

A

Vitamin c

36
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D

37
Q

Peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy

A

Vitamin E

38
Q

Bleeding

A

Vitamin K

39
Q

Eating disorder characterized by low BMI, amenorrhea, not consuming enough calories, extreme weight loss

A

Anorexia nervosa

40
Q

Eating disorder characterized by consuming food and later throwing up or using other methods to unnaturally get rid of food

A

Bulimia nervosa

41
Q

Eating disorder characterized by consuming a lot of food in one sitting

A

Binge eating

42
Q

Sensory neurons that carry pain, temperature, touch, vibration, and pressure sensations into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

A

Afferent neurons

43
Q

At the spinal cord the afferent neuron connects with an ________.

A

Interneuron

44
Q

Motor neurons that exit the spinal cord at the ventral horn and travel to the muscles of the body

A

Efferent neurons

45
Q

The interneuron connects to an ________ neuron at the ventral horn and enacts motor activity

A

Efferent

46
Q

The _______ tract directs sensory neuronal impulses from the spinal cord up through the brain stem to the hypothalamus and upper regions of the brain cortex

A

Spinothalamic

47
Q

From the _________ portion of the brain, motor neurons descend downward in the spinal cord and cross over at the medulla to control the opposite side of the body.

These motor neurons are known as ___________ tract

A

Somatosensory

Corticospinal

48
Q

Nerve fibers that respond to noxious stimuli

A

Nociceptors

49
Q

Large, myelinated fibers that conduct impulses rapidly and cause the fast, short lived acute experience of pain

A

A delta fiber

50
Q

Natural analgesic neurochemicals that inhibit pain sensation

A

Endogenous opioids

51
Q

Endogeneous opioids include:

A
  • Endorphins
  • enkephalins
  • dynorphins
52
Q

A skin area innervated by sensory fibers of a single nerve root

A

Dermatome

53
Q

A group of muscles primarily innervated by the muscle fibers of a single nerve root

A

Mytotome

54
Q

Pain theory that states pain sensation must pass through a gate to be received by the brain.

A

Gate control theory of pain

55
Q

The _________ is the brain’s perception of the body.

A

Neuromatrix

56
Q

Consists of complex neural networks that are built into the brain from birth and develop throughout lifetime.

A

Neuromatrix

57
Q

This theory of pain explains chronic and phantom limb pain

A

Neuromatrix theory of pain

58
Q

When the pain response occurs at a distance from the actual pain site

A

Referred pain

59
Q

The hallmark of referred pain

A

Visceral pain

60
Q

Sensation of pain in an amputated part

A

Phantom pain

61
Q

Specific pain syndromes (6)

A
  • Cancer pain
  • Radiculopathy
  • diabetic peripheral neuropathy
  • complex regional pain syndrome
  • fibromyalgia
  • headache (cephalgia)
62
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Vitamin b12

Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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