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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Communication

A

The transmission of thoughts or feelings from the mind of a speaker to the mind of a listener.

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2
Q

The four processes of communication

A

Formulation
Transmission
Reception
Comprehension

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3
Q

Definition of Formation

A

The process of pulling together ones’s thoughts or feelings for sharing with another.

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4
Q

Definition of Transmission

A

The process of conveying those ideas to another person.

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5
Q

Definition of Reception

A

The process of receiving the information from another person.

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6
Q

Definition of Comprehension

A

The process of making sense of the message.

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7
Q

Definition of Modality

A

The manner in which the information is conveyed.

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8
Q

Three examples of modality

A

Speech, gesture and writing

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9
Q

The model of communication

A

Feedback and transmission

Nonlinguistic and paralinguistic feedback

Reception and comprehension

Feedback

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10
Q

Definition of Feedback

A

Information provided by the receiver to the sender

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11
Q

Two examples of Linguistic feedback

A

Speaking and vocalizing

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12
Q

Four examples of Nonlinguistic feedback

A

Eye contact, facial expression, posture, proximity

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13
Q

Three examples of Paralinguistic feedback

A

Pitch, loudness, pausing

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14
Q

The purpose of communication

A

To provide and solicit information

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15
Q

Effective Communication occurs when

A

This occurs when information is successfully shared between a sender and a receiver. There is no breakdown in formulation, transmission, perception or comprehension.

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16
Q

Four characteristics of an effective communicator

A

effective most of the time

shares through a common modality (speaking, hearing, reading, writing, signing)

Avoids communication breakdowns by responding and giving feedback during conversations.

Uses communication for diverse purposes.

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17
Q

Two requirements in effective communication

A

No communication breakdowns

Modality must be shared

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18
Q

Grice’s Maxims

A

Principle of quantity

Principle of quality

Principle of relevance

Principle of manner

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19
Q

Grice’s principal of quantity

A

The sender provides the right amount and type of information (sufficient information)

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20
Q

Grice’s principle of quality

A

The sender shares information that is accurate.

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21
Q

Grice’s Principle of relevance

A

The sender communicate in a way that is appropriate for the situation

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22
Q

Grice’s principle of manner

A

The sender engages as expected by the cultural norms

Speaks fluently
Pause as needed
Appropriate loudness and pitch

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23
Q

The mechanical act of speech

A

Inhale, vibration, exhale, words

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24
Q

The cognitive act of language

A

Receiving, comprehending, responding with feedback

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25
Q

An example of speech with no language

A

Joe is in a mentally retarded institution. His nurse visits every morning and says, “good morning.” Joe has figured out to respond in a similar manner, but doesn’t understand what “good morning” means.

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26
Q

An example of language without speech

A

A child born death uses sign language to communicate.

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27
Q

How does communication relate to language, speech, and hearing?

A

Language - used for formulation and comprehension

Speech - used for transmission

Hearing - used for reception

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28
Q

Four characteristics of language

A

Modality
Symbolism
Arbitrary
Conventional (rule-governed)

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29
Q

Pre-symbolic

A

No understanding of words as symbols to objects

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30
Q

Referent

A

An object a word or symbol represents

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31
Q

An example of an arbitrary characteristic of language

A

“Table” vs “Mesa”

The culturally shared understanding of an object

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32
Q

An example of a non-arbitrary word

A

Last name “Miller”
Used to be related to profession

“Quack-quack” for a duck
Kids growing up using animal sounds as the name

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33
Q

The five features of language

A 
Universality
Species specificity
Semanticity
Productivity 
Rate of acquisition
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34
Q

Five language dimensions

A 
Semantics
Syntax
Morphology
Phonology
Pragmatics
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35
Q

Definition of Productivity feature

A

A feature of language that is the combination of small number of discrete units into seemingly infinite creations.

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36
Q

Definition of Semantics dimension

A

The rules of language governor and the meaning of individual words or word combinations

Meaning of words, vocabulary

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37
Q

Definition of Syntax dimension

A

The rules of language governing the internal organization of sentences

Word order

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38
Q

Definition of Morphology dimension

A

The rules of language governing the internal organization of words.

Building blocks of language

Ex. Jump ing (2 blacks)

39
Q

Definition of Phonology dimension

A

The rules of language governing the sounds we use to make syllables and words

Sound system of language

40
Q

Definition of Pragmatics dimension

A

The rules of language governing how language is used for social purposes

41
Q

Three Language domains

A

Content, form, use

42
Q

Language domain: content

A

Equal to semantics

43
Q

Language domains: form

A

Equal to syntax + morphology + phonology

44
Q

Grammar

A

Syntax + morphology

45
Q

Language domains: use

A

Equal to pragmatics

46
Q

Definition of Meta linguistics

A

Using language to talk about language

47
Q

An example of a pragmatic dimension

A

How to begin, maintain an end conversations

Ex. 5 year old talking to grandma on the phone

48
Q

Definition of Hearing acuity

A

The activity up if you can actually hear a sound or not

ex. Same process as an eye doctor have new new read off letters if you can see them or not

49
Q

Four systems involved with speech

A

Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation

50
Q

Four building blocks of a normal speech

A

Breathstream
Voice
Articulation
Fluency

51
Q

Definition of Phoneme

A

The smallest unit of sound

52
Q

Definition of Acoustics

A

The study of sound

53
Q

Definition of Hearing

A

The perception of sound

54
Q

Four sound fundamentals

A

Creation of a sound source
Vibration of air particles
Reception by ear
Comprehension by brain

55
Q

Definition of Speech perception

A

The brains processing of human speech

56
Q

Definition of Auditory perception

A

The brains processing of any type of auditory information

57
Q

Definition of Communication disorder

A

When a person has significant difficulty and one or more of the aspects of communication when compared with other people sharing the same language, dialect, and culture

58
Q

Definition of Language Impairment

A

Problems with the formulation and/or comprehension of language

59
Q

Definition of Speech impairment

A

Problems with transmission of language

60
Q

Definition of Hearing impairment

A

Problems with reception of language

61
Q

Breakdown of communication: formulation

A

Difficulty in effectively formulating a message for communication

Ex. Aphasia

62
Q

Breakdown of communication: transmission

A

Difficulty in effectively transmitting a message for communication

Ex. Motor skills caused by stroke

63
Q

Breakdown of communication: reception

A

Difficulty in effectively receiving a message Being communicated

Ex. Noise-induced hearing loss

64
Q

Breakdown of communication: comprehension

A

Difficulty in affectively decoding or comprehending a message being communicated

Ex. Intellectually debilitated, senile

65
Q

Three Common Communication differences

A

Different language, culture, dialects

66
Q

A communication disorder is present only went in individuals communication ability ____, _____, _____

A
  1. Operates outside of cultural norms or language group
  2. Considered disordered by said groups
  3. Interferes with Communication or calls attention to itself
67
Q

Four Speech disorders

A

Articulation and phonology

Fluency

Voice

Motor speech

68
Q

Disorders of articulation and phonology

A

Distortions, substitutions and omissions of speech sounds

Ex. Rabbit is pronounced wabbit or abbit

69
Q

Definition of Fluency disorder

A

Breaks the flow of speech

Ex. Stutter block

70
Q

Two Motor speech disorders

A

Apraxia and dysarthria

71
Q

Definition of Apraxia

A

Trouble sequencing speech sounds in order

Ex. Spaghetti vs pascetti

72
Q

Definition of Dysarthria

A

Slowed, slurred speech disorder

73
Q

Three disorders of hearing

A

Sensorineural

Conductive

Auditory

74
Q

Definition of Sensorineural hearing impairment

A

Breakdown of the inner ear or in the auditory nerve

Ex. Senile

75
Q

Definition of Conductive hearing impairment

A

Breakdown of outer or middle ear

Ex. Too much ear wax

76
Q

Definition of Auditory processing disorder

A

The breakdown in The processing of speech sounds in the auditory center of the brain

Ex. Short term memory - kid in class

77
Q

Definition of Dysphasia

A

Swallowing disorder

78
Q

Definition of universality feature

A

Pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages

79
Q

Definition of species specificity feature

A

The human capacity for language that no other animals share

80
Q

Definition of semanticity feature

A

An aspect of human language that allows words to represent ideas and things

81
Q

Definition of rate of acquisition feature

A

How easily Or quickly language is learned

82
Q

Definition of Perceptual target

A

Abstract representation of speech sound system is generated

83
Q

Definition of motor schema

A

Brain systems generate a rough plan of the abstract representation of speech sound systems in our fed forward and syllable chunks to muscle groups involved with speech

84
Q

Definition of speech output

A

Air pressure is modulated as respiratory flow is sent forward, and articulators and oral cavity are manipulated to produce

85
Q

Three basic reasons for commutation

A

To request, to reject and to comment.

86
Q

Seven functions of Communication

A 
Instrumental
Regulatory
Intersectional
Personal
Heuristic 
Imaginative 
Informative
87
Q

Definition of informative communication

A

This function of communication is used to provide an organized description of an event or object

88
Q

Definition of imaginative function of Communication

A

This function of communication is used to tell stories and to role-play

89
Q

Definition of heuristic function of communication

A

This function of communication is used to find out information and to inquire

90
Q

Definition of personal function of communication

A

This function of communication is used to express a state of mind or feelings about something

91
Q

Definition of intersectional communication

A

This function of communication is used to interact and converse with others in a social way

92
Q

Definition of regulatory function of communication

A

This function of communication is used to give directions or to direct others

93
Q

Definition of instrumental function of communication

A

This function of communication is used to ask for something

94
Q

Definition of speech

A

Neuromuscular process by which we turn language into a sound signal that is transmitted through the air

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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