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Foundations Of Speech Pathology > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: most young children go through a period of normal disfluency in which as much as 20% of their speech may be disfluent

A

false - 5% disfluent speech

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2
Q

true or false: the majority of cases of stuttering in children are resolved either spontaneously or through treatment

A

true

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3
Q

Definition of fluent speech

A

speech that is smooth, effortless, and automatic moves along at an appropriate rate with an easy rhythm

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4
Q

Definition of disfluency

A

the speech behavior that disrupts the fluent forward flow of speech, such as pauses, interjections, and revisions

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5
Q

true or false: normal disfluencies detract from the communication between two people

A

false: they do NOT detract

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6
Q

Definition of disfluency disorder

A

speech with an unusually high rate of stoppages that disrupt the flow of communication and are inappropriate for the speaker’s age, culture, and linguistic background, including dialect

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7
Q

____ disfluencies are the core features of a ____ disorder

A

speech; fluency

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8
Q

three predominate features of disfluencies

A

repetitions, prolongations, and blocks

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9
Q

five secondary features of disfluencies

A

eye blinks

lip tremors

head jerks

pauses, fillers, and word changes

negative feelings and attitudes

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10
Q

why does a person with a fluency disorder develop secondary features?

A

to avoid and escape moments of disfluency

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11
Q

Definition of Stuttering

A

stops, starts and hesitations in speech

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12
Q

Incident rate of fluency disorders

A

about 1 in 100 persons

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13
Q

prevalence rate of fluency disorders

A

about 5 in 100 persons

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14
Q

what age range do fluency disorders affect children?

A

most between 2 and 10 years of age

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15
Q

compare: incident rate of fluency disorders of children vs adolescents and adults

A

about 1.5% for children under 10

about .5% to .7% for adolescents and adults

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16
Q

true or false: females are affected at a higher rate than males

A

false: about three or four boys to every one girl affected

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17
Q

Definition of Developmental stuttering

A

when stuttering emerges in early childhood, typically when children are between 2 and 5 years of age

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18
Q

What percentage of children who exhibit developmental stuttering will continue to have a fluency disorder 4 years following its onset?

A

25%; other 75% of children will resolve their stuttering within 4 years either spontaneously or as a result of treatment

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19
Q

five characteristics of developmental stuttering

A

part-word repetitions

single-syllable-word repetitions

sound prolongations

blocks

broken words

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20
Q

true or false: other types of disfluencies in the speech of young children are considered to be quite normal

A

true

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21
Q

three normal disfluencies

A

revisions

interjections

multisyllabic word and phrase repetitions

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22
Q

true or false: the core symptoms of stuttering usually fade over time

A

false: symptoms become more severe

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23
Q

List Peters and Guitar’s Five-Level Classification System

A

Normal disfluency

boarderline stuttering

beginning stuttering

intermediate stuttering

advanced stuttering

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24
Q

what age range is normal disfluency most prevalent?

A

18 months and 6 years

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25
Q

Characteristics of borderline stuttering

A

produce more disfluencies than do those who are normally disfluent

produce a higher rate of certain types of disfluencies: part-word repetitions, word repetitions, and phrase repetitions

show some sound prolongations

show little tension toward their own disfluencies

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26
Q

at what stage is a fluency disorder classified as true?

A

beginning stuttering

27
Q

Definition of beginning stuttering

A

children between 2 and 8 years of age who look like true stutterers-with core behaviors, secondary behaviors, and the emergence of negative feelings and attitudes toward stuttering

28
Q

what are two important markers of the beginning stuttering level?

A

emergence of the block and secondary behaviors develop to escape and avoid moments of disfluency

29
Q

what age range does intermediate stuttering enter?

A

between 6 and 13 years of age

30
Q

three characteristics of intermediate stuttering

A

significant levels of fear and frustration toward stuttering

prolongations and blocks are the prevalent core behaviors

secondary behaviors become more evident and habitual

31
Q

what age range does advanced stuttering show?

A

14 years +

32
Q

what is the greatest difference between intermediate stuttering and advanced stuttering?

A

the likelihood of self-identification as a stutterer

33
Q

Definition of cluttering

A

breakdowns at the word or phrase level, such as incomplete phrases, poor cohesion and coherence, and a fast and spurty speaking rate

34
Q

three differences between a clutters and stutters

A

no signs of inhibited or anxious about speaking

does not experience any physiological or psychological struggle when speaking

does not exhibit prolonged sounds or tense pauses

35
Q

true or false: like stuttering, cluttering can reduce speech intelligibility and causes problems with effective communication

A

true

36
Q

what is the hallmark characteristic of stuttering?

A

abnormally high rate of speech disfluencies, sound repetitions and prolongations

37
Q

true or false: types of disfluencies are dynamic

A

true

38
Q

four core features of fluency disorders

A

Part-word repetition

Single-syllable-word repetition

Sound prolongation

Block

39
Q

Definition of within-word disfluencies

A

affects the internal structure of a word

sound repetitions, sound prolongations, and blocks

40
Q

Definition of between-word disfluencies

A

do not affect the internal structure of a word

phrase repetitions, interjections, and revisions

41
Q

secondary features of fluency disorders

A

escape behaviors

avoidance behaviors

feelings and attitudes toward stuttering

42
Q

Definition of escape behaviors

A

behaviors used by stutterers to get out of a moment of stuttering

43
Q

Definition of avoidance behaviors

A

behaviors used to evade moments of stuttering

word and sound avoidance

situation avoidance

44
Q

true or false: cause of developmental stuttering remains unknown

A

true

45
Q

four predisposing factors of stuttering

A

family history

gender

processing ability

motor speech coordination

46
Q

three precipitating factors of stuttering

A

age

developmental stressors

self-awareness

47
Q

Definition of developmental Stressors

A

precipitating factors in the emergence of stuttering in children, specifically for those children who are already susceptible to a fluency disorder

48
Q

true or false: children who stutter have an atypically high awareness of their own disfluencies, which may serve as a precipitating factor in the emergence of fluency disorders

A

true

49
Q

Four Warning Signs for Developmental Fluency Disorders

A

Repetitions of parts of words

Repetitions of words or parts of words involving three or more repetitions of the unit

Prolongation of a sound or appearance of being stuck on a sound

Feelings of frustration or embarrassment toward speaking and communication

50
Q

three Warning Signs for Acquired Fluency Disorders

A

Presence of stuttering-like disfluencies

Presence of cluttering-like disfluencies

Inability to effectively communicate

51
Q

four questions assessment protocol should answer

A

Is the individual stuttering or at risk of stuttering?

Does the individual exhibit any other communicative risk factors or disabilities?

Is therapy for stuttering warranted?

What therapy approach would be most beneficial?

52
Q

four symptoms that lead to diagnosis of fluency disorders

A

Ten or more total disfluencies in 100 words

Three or more stuttering-like disfluencies in 100 words

Physical escape behaviors

Verbal avoidance behaviors, such as word substitutions

53
Q

true or false: when treatment for borderline stuttering is pursued, indirect treatment models are often used rather than direct treatment delivered by a therapist

A

true

54
Q

four parts to an indirect treatment model

A

avoid putting the child on the spot during social situations

repeat what the child says to show that you are listening

make comments when talking with the child rather than asking questions

modify activities that seem particularly stressful to the child.

55
Q

Goal of stuttering Modification Therapy

A

to help the person who stutters to better manage the moment when an individual repeats, prolongs or blocks on a sound

56
Q

what is the end goal of stuttering modification therapy?

A

controlled stuttering - hardly noticeable and completely managed stuttering

57
Q

Goal of Fluency Shaping Therapy

A

to help the person who stutters produce fluent speech more often, potentially eradicating disfluencies completely.

58
Q

what is the end goal of fluency shaping therapy?

A

controlled fluency – fluid speech to predominate and moments of stuttering to disappear – completely fluent speech

59
Q

true or false: stuttering treatment for adolescents is complicated by self-image issues

A

true

60
Q

true or false: only fluency shaping therapy is useful for adolescents

A

false - both modification and fluency shaping therapies are useful for adolescents

61
Q

true or false: both stuttering modification and fluency shaping approaches are useful for adults

A

true

62
Q

for an adult who may have experienced stuttering for years, what three treatment focus areas does therapy emphasize?

A

Knowledge about stuttering

Reduction of negative feelings

Fluency building

63
Q

what is the most important part of the fluency assessment?

A

observation of the individual’s speech in a variety of situations

64
Q

Definition of direct testing

A

using formal norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests to study an individual’s speech and language skills

Foundations Of Speech Pathology (13 decks)

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