Module 2: Morphology

Question 1

Morphology

Answer 1

the study of word formation

Question 2

morpheme

Answer 2

the smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Question 3

morpheme trees

Answer 3

Look at pg 7-8 notes

Question 4

lexical

Answer 4

has a meaning of its own (cat, desk, car, world)

Question 5

grammatical

Answer 5

shows more of a relationship between one word and another (of, the, in, and)
affex- -s, -er, -‘s, -ed

Question 6

Lexical and free (FREE ROOT)

Answer 6

can stand on its own and has a meaning Pg 15 notes

Question 7

Lexical and bound (BOUND ROOT)

Answer 7

“conVERT” Vert has meaning in dictionary, but it is bound since we can just go vert someone Not like press in compress. Pg 15 notes

Question 8

grammatical and free

Answer 8

contributing some meaning to the word or phrase, but not the central meaning.
(prepositions, articles, and conjunctions)

Question 9

grammatical and bound

Answer 9

contribute some meaning but not the central meaning and cannot stand on their own as a word.
can be prefixes or suffixes.
inflectional or derivational

Question 10

inflectional morphemes

Answer 10

always a suffix
only one per word
always the last suffix in a word

Only 8 categories
1-plural (s) boyS
2-possessive (s) boy'S
3- third person singular present tense   He runS
4-comparative coldER
5-superlative coldEST
6-past tense walkED
7-present participle  walkING
8-past participle was drivEN

Question 11

derivational

Answer 11

all the other prefixes and suffixes
1 prefix or suffixes
2 can have more than one in a word (or none)
3 comes before the inflectional suffix (if there is one)

Question 12

Practice with analyzing words

Answer 12

Pg 12-14 in notes

Question 13

Acronyms and Initializations

Answer 13

used frequently in media and everyday communications
DA-district attorney
ABC American Broadcasting Company

Question 14

Portmanteau Words

words that have been blended together

Answer 14

because-by+cause
fortnight-fourteen+nights
farewell-fair+ye+well

Question 15

Clipped words

words shortened by common usage

Answer 15

this shortening is called Zipf’s Principle and is well known in the study of languages.
ad-advertisement
con-convict
flu-influenza

Question 16

compound words

words glued together to form new words

Answer 16

don’t always join the meaning of the two words used.
for example “brainstorm”

rail road
sweet heart
book keeper

Question 17

foreign words and phrases

Answer 17

used in novels, magazines, and newspapers and in some academic writing.

a la carte- according to the menu
aloha-hello/goodbye
bona fide- in good faith
circa-about

Question 18

Greek and Latin Roots

Answer 18

most English words originated in other languages.

look at root word “scope” means to see
microscope. telescope, periscope

Question 19

etymology

Answer 19

the study of word origins

Question 20

prefixes

Answer 20

small but meaningful letter groups added before a base/root word.
Changes the meaning of the word.
Have meaning (UN-not)
Knowing the meaning of these prefixes, together with the meaning of common base words and Greek and Latin roots, will give students the tools for unlocking the meaning of hundreds of words.

Question 21

suffixes

Answer 21

letter groups that are added to the end of a base/root word.

frequently signify the part of speech and sometimes add meaning

don’t always have a particular meaning, but express grammar or syntax.

These suffixes enable you to express an idea in many different ways by using the variation of the key word that best fits the sentence structure.

1. The boy is quiet. (adjective)
2. The boy played quietly. (adverb)
3. The boy’s quietness was undisturbed. (noun)

• a plural data, criteria, memoranda
• ant one who servant, immigrant

can’t always just add aa suffix. sometimes the spelling changes

autumn-----autumanl
hymn------hymnal
divide-------divisible
profane-----profanity
receive-----reception

Question 22

Words borrowed form names

Answer 22

cardigan sweater- named after the Earl of Cardigan
Maverick- Samuel Maverick, a Texan rancher who refused to brand his cattle.

can be used to stimulate an interest in word origins

Question 23

eponyms

Answer 23

words borrowed from names

Question 24

grammatical categoies

Answer 24

adding a suffix to a word can change it from one part of speech to another sometimes.

adding -ify to these words
   solid
   intense
   pure
   rare
It turns them from adjectives into verbs

adding -ize
   union
   terror
   hospital 
   crystal
   magnet
it turns them from nouns into verbs

Question 25

Noun suffeixes

Answer 25

-ion “state or quality of” champion
-ant “one who” servant
-ation “state or quality of” desperation
“action or process” narration
-dom “state or quality of” freedom
-ment
-ness
-ology
-phobia
-sion
-tion
-tude

Question 26

adjective suffixes

Answer 26

ive “inclined to” active, passive, negative

• acious “inclined to” loquacious
• ate “state or quality of” fortunate, desperate
• ative “inclined to demonstrative
• ful

**ly resembling/ every fatherly/ daily
(forms adverbs and adjectives)

Question 27

adverb suffixes

Answer 27

-ly slowly, happily.
forms adverbs and adjectives)

-ways manner sideways, always, crossways
-wise manner/direction clockwise, lengthwise
reference marketwise, timewise

Question 28

Verb Suffixes

Answer 28

• ade action or process blockade, parade, promenade
• age “ ravage, pillage
• ate to make activate, fascinate
• ble repeated action stumble, mumble
• ed past tense talked
• en to make strengthen
• er action of process discover
• FY TO MAKE SATISFY, TERRIFY
• IZE TO MAKE STANDARDIZE, POPULARIZE

Question 29

two features shared by all varieties of the language regardless of their differences.

Answer 29

1. constituent structure
   the clustering of words together 
2. rules and regularities  
     pattered that manifest themselves at all levels of 
     language structure.

Question 30

constituents

Answer 30

groupings that hold together in sentences.

clustering of words together.

Question 31

agreement/cross referencing

Answer 31

rules that express relationships between elements, sometimes within one constituent, sometimes across constituents.
ex; pronouns must agree in gender and number with their antecedents. “The girls hurt himself.” - Not OK.