Module 4: Prepositions and Pronouns

Question 1

P

Answer 1

preposition

Question 2

PP

Answer 2

Prepositional phrase

Question 3

ambiguous

Answer 3

two or more possible interpretations or “readings”

does the prepositional phrase modify the noun or verb?

Question 4

structurally ambiguous

Answer 4

two identically worded sentences that are created using different PHRASE STRUCTURE rules and so have different internal structures.
“Miranda saw the boy with a telescope.”
Did she use a telescope to see the boy , or was the boy holding a telescope?

Question 5

lexically ambiguous

Answer 5

two identically worded sentences that have the same tree structure but contain an ambiguous word (more properly, two words with the identical sound).

“The rabbi married my sister.”
Did he become her spouse or perform the wedding?

Question 6

recursion

Answer 6

property of a grammar that allows it to generate constituents that recur again and again.

Question 7

pronouns

Answer 7

“take the place of a noun.” or all the words in the phrase.

Question 8

1st person

Answer 8

speaker
Singular I/me
plural we/us

Question 9

2nd person

Answer 9

listener/hearers
Singular you/you
plural you/you

Question 10

3rd person

Answer 10

person or thing spoken about
singular she/her he/him it/it
plural They/them

Question 11

nominative (subjective) case

Answer 11

I, we, she, and so on

used for a sentences subject (Noun phrase that PRECEDES the verb, such as “we” in tree 21)

Question 12

objetive case

Answer 12

me, us, her and so on

used for a direct object (noun phrase that FOLLOWS a transitive verb, such as “them” in 21)

Question 13

inflections

English is not highly inflected

Answer 13

the different forms or endings a word takes to communicate different grammatical information.
-s in monkeys
verbs (which often take -ed for past tense
adjectives which often take -er or -est for the comparative and superlative forms.

Question 14

word order language

Answer 14

a language that relies largely on word order rather than inflections to convey case information.

A noun phrase that comes before the verb is generally the subject in an English sentence.

Question 15

inflected language

Answer 15

a language that relies largely on inflections rather that word order.

Question 16

regional dialects

Answer 16

dialects spoken in different areas

Southern, New England

Question 17

class dialects

Answer 17

a working class Londoner speaks differently form an aristocratic Londoner

Question 18

ethnic dialect

Answer 18

AAE is different form what many Polish Americans in Chicago speak.

Question 19

slang

Answer 19

informal fad language used by teenagers, musicians, or similar in-groups. words come and go quickly

Question 20

jargon

Answer 20

groups that share a special interest may also have their own private lexicon.
Brain surgeons
Flight Attendants
Skiers

Question 21

prepositions

prepositional phrase
Pp— P Np

Answer 21

“in” and “on” are 2 elements o Brown’s 14 morphemes- the earliest morphemes learned by English speaking children.

about, above, by, off, toward.

followed by noun phrases

these Pp come after the Vp (action or linking) or NP
( which one is it modifying)

Question 22

antecedent

Answer 22

an expression that gives its meaning to preform

“Jane” came first. “SHE” is a replacement for jane

Question 23

subject pronouns

Answer 23

fist person singular: Me
first person plural:     Us
second person singular: you
second person plural:    you all *
third person singular: he, she, it
third person plural:        They

Question 24

Object Pronoun

Answer 24

1st person sing: Me
1st personal plural:  Us
2nd person sing: you
2nd person plural:  you all *
3rd person sing: him, her, it
3rd person plural: them

Question 25

Possessive pronoun

Answer 25

1st sing: My
1st plural: our
2nd sing:your
2nd plural: your (all??)*
3rd sing: his, her, its
3rd plural: Their