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Biology > Transport in Animals > Flashcards

Transport in Animals Flashcards

heart diagram cardiac cycle heartbeat

1
Q

definition of systemic circulation

A

blood leaving left ventricle to the body and back through right atrium

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2
Q

definition of pulmonary circulation

A

blood leaving the pulmonary artery to the lungs to the pulmonary vein

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3
Q

definition of double circulation system

A

one full circuit means the blood passing the heart twice through the blood vessels

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4
Q

how is tissue fluid produced

A

blood plasma leaked out of capillaries

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5
Q

which lacks large proteins and red blood cells

A

tissue fluid

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6
Q

which lacks red blood cells only

A

lymph

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7
Q

how much tissue fluid diffuses back into capillaries/into lymph

A

90% + 10%

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8
Q

describe the structure of arteries

A

inside: flat cells to limit friction
middle: smooth muscle + elastic fibres
outside: elastic and collagen fibres

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9
Q

describe the structure of veins

A

thin and has less elastic fibres and muscles
large lumen
semilunar valves

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10
Q

describe the structure of capillaries

A

one cell thick - red blood squeeze through
single layer of endothelial cells
low pressure

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11
Q

what is present in the blood

A 
amino acids
proteins
mineral ions
blood cells
hydrogen carbonate
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12
Q

structures of red blood cells

A

biconcave shape
small
flexible
no organelles

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13
Q

function of erthrocytes

A

room for haemoglobin
increased surface area
small distance for faster diffusion
flexible to squeeze

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14
Q

describe haemoglobin (6)

A 
globular protein - four polypeptides
haem group
4 oxygen molecules
Fe2+
temporary binding to oxygen
forms oxyhaemoglobin
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15
Q

describe leucocytes

A

spherical/irregular shape
larger than red blood cells
has nucleus

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16
Q

what do phagocytes look like

A

lobed nuclei and granular cytoplasm

17
Q

order of size

lymphocytes/white blood cells/red blood cells

A

white blood cells > lymphocytes > red blood cells

18
Q

describe haemoglobin affinity with oxygen

A

the more oxygen atoms binded

the easier it is to pick up oxygen

19
Q

affect on oxygen affinity at low oxygen partial pressure

A

releases oxygen more readily

20
Q

affect on oxygen affinity at high pressure

A

released oxygen more readily

21
Q

percentage of carbon dioxide in what forms?

A

5% in solution
10% in carbaminohaemoglobin (cytoplasm)
85% as hydrogen carbonate (plasma)

22
Q

map of carbon dioxide transport

A

in red blood cell
- co2 + h20 + carbonic anhydrase –> H2CO3
(in cytoplasm) –> H+ and HCO3-
- co2 + haemoglobin –> carbaminohaemoglobin

23
Q

how does carbon dioxide and H+ unload oxygen (4)

A

carbonic acid formation - fast
haemoglobin has higher affinity for hydrogen ions than oxygen
oxyhaemoglobin is allosteric - release oxygen
forms haemoglobinic acid

24
Q

factors affecting oxygen transport

A

carbon monoxide and high altitude

25
Q

effect of carbon monoxide on oxygen transport

A

bind irreversibly and readily with haemoglobin

26
Q

effect of high altitude on oxygen transport

A

haemoglobin is less saturated
can’t transport efficiently
more red blood cells produced

27
Q

describe atrial systole

A

atria contracts

AV valves open

28
Q

describe ventricular systole

A

ventricles contract

semilunar valves open

29
Q

describe ventricular diastole

A

all relax and blood fills in

semilunar valves close

30
Q

how do valves prevent backflow

A

difference in pressure causes it to close

31
Q

describe the heart beat control (8)

A 
SAN sends out waves of excitation
spread across the atria
atria contracts
AVN sends wave to ventricle
atria and ventricle don't contract at the same time
purkyne tissue conducts excitation to the ventricle
spreads to ventricle walls
ventricle contracts from base upwards
32
Q

what is the SAN

A

sinoatrial node - pacemaker

33
Q

what is the AVN

A

atrioventricular node - delay impulse

34
Q

what happens during low aortic pressure

A

semilunar valves open

atrioventricular valves close

35
Q

treatment for coronary heart diseases

A

angioplasty
bypass surgery
heart transplant

36
Q

when does the ventricles start to contract

A

when atrioventricular valves close

Biology (19 decks)

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