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From Flashcardlet > Lecture exam 1 > Flashcards

Lecture exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mature bone cells. Maintain the protein and mineral content of the matrix.

A

Osteocytes

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2
Q

Immature bone cells. Osteogenesis. Inner & outer surfaces of bone. Produce osteoid. Convert to osteocytes.

A

Osteoblasts

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3
Q

Involved in making new bone.

A

Osteogenesis

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4
Q

Organic matrix which becomes mineralized.

A

Osteoid

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5
Q

Found on innermost layer of periosteum and endosperm lining (medullary cavity) bones. Differentiate to form new osteoblasts. Heavily involved in repair of bones after a break.

A

Osteoprogenitor

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6
Q

From the same lineage as osteolysis.

A

Osteoclasts

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7
Q

Secrete acids which dissolve matrix. Release stored amino acids, calcium ions, & phosphate ions.

A

Osteolysis

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8
Q

General functions of skeletal system

A

Support, storage of minerals, blood cell production, leverage, protection of organs.

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9
Q

Creates skull bones (frontal and parietal), mandible, clavicle, sesamoid bones

A

Intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

Development of limbs, vertabrae, & hips.

A

Endochondral ossification

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11
Q

Flat bones (ex)

A

bones on the roof of the skull, sternum, ribs, scapula

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12
Q

sutural (Wormian) bones (ex)

A

Found in the suture lines between the flat bones of the skull

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13
Q

pneumatized bones (ex)

A

ethmoid

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14
Q

long bones (ex)

A

humerus, femur, tibia, radius, ulna, fibula

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15
Q

irregular bones (ex)

A

vertebrae, several bones of the skull

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16
Q

sesamoid bones (ex)

A

develop inside tendons, patella, around joints of feet and hands

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17
Q

short bones (ex)

A

carpals and tarsals

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18
Q

Primary ossification site

A

Diaphysis (fig 5.7)

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19
Q

Secondary ossification site

A

Epiphysis (fig 5.7)

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20
Q

Elevations & projections (examples)

A

Process, ramus

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21
Q

Processes @ tendons/ligaments (examples)

A

Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

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22
Q

Processes w/adjacent bones (examples)

A

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea

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23
Q

Depressions (examples)

A

Fossa, sulcus

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24
Q

Openings (examples)

A

Foramen, fissure, meatus/canal, sinus/antrum

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25
Q

Compact bone (characteristics)

A

Dense and solid, resists compression in one direction. Consists of osteons.

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26
Q

Spongy bone (characteristics)

A

Struts/plates, light/strong, resists compression in multiple directions. Form an open network.

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27
Q

“Little beams”

A

Trabeculae

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28
Q

Anatomical position

A

Palms facing forward

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29
Q

Bone matrix composition

A

Calcium phosphate (2/3). Collagen fibers (1/3)

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30
Q

blood vessels in osteon

A

Central canal

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31
Q

connect lacunae

A

Canaliculi

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32
Q

mature bone cells found in lacunae

A

Osteocytes

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33
Q

osteocytes found here

A

Lacunae

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34
Q

concentric layers in osteon

A

Lamellae

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35
Q

Cartilage cells replaced by bone cells

A

Ossification

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36
Q

Bone formation

A

Osteogenesis

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37
Q

Deposition of calcium ions into bone tissue

A

Calcification

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38
Q

Hair growth steps

A

Active phase, regression phase, resting phase, reactivation phase

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39
Q

Epidermis layers

A

Thick skin & thin skin

40
Q

Found on palms & soles. 5 layers of cells

A

Thick skin

41
Q

Found on rest of the body. 4 layers of cells

A

thin skin

42
Q

Epidermis general characteristics

A

Fig 4.1

43
Q

4 cell types in epidermis

A

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells

44
Q

keratinocytes

A

provides a tough protein called keratin

45
Q

melanocytes

A

pigment producing cells. produce melanin (skin color)

46
Q

merkel cells

A

sensory cells

47
Q

langerhans cells

A

wandering phagotic cells-immune response (cancer & pathogens)

48
Q

hair cross section

A

medulla, cortex, cuticle (fig 4.10)

49
Q

vellus (type of hair) found on

A

most of body

50
Q

intermediate (type of hair) found on

A

arms/legs

51
Q

terminal (type of hair) found on

A

head

52
Q

dermis main parts

A

papillary layer, reticular layer

53
Q

composition of earwax

A

cerumen (ceruminous glands)

54
Q

collagen & elastic fibers are parallel bundles, specific pattern, reduce scar formation

A

lines of cleavage

55
Q

formed by stratum germination that extend into dermis. thick skin-friction-fingerprints-improve grip

A

epidermal ridges

56
Q

hair follicles (gen anatomy)

A

internal rooth sheath, external root sheath, glassy membrane, conncetive tissue sheath (fig 4.10)

57
Q

Nail (parts)

A

nail root, proximal nail fold, eponychium, lunula, nail body, hyponychium (fig 4.15)

58
Q

hair (func)

A

protect from UV light, insulation, guards entrance to nose and ears, movement send impulses to brain via nerves, contraction of arrector pili muscles (goose bumps)

59
Q

endothelia lining of heart and blood vessels, air sacs of lungs (epithelium location)

A

simple squamous epithelium

60
Q

surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina (epithelium location)

A

stratified squamous epithelium

61
Q

glands, ducts, portions of kidney tubules, thyroid gland (epithelium location)

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

62
Q

Lining of some ducts(rare) (epithelium location)

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

63
Q

lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys (epithelium location)

A

simple columnar epithelium

64
Q

small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary gland salivary gland ducts, urethra (epithelium location)

A

stratified columnar epithelium

65
Q

Lining ofnasal cavity, trachea, andbronchi; portions of malereproductive tract (epithelium location)

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

66
Q

Urinarybladder; renal pelvis;ureters (epithelium location)

A

Transitional epithelium

67
Q

merocrine secretion (process/ex)

A

salivary gland/exocytosis

68
Q

apocrine secretion (process/ex)

A

mammary gland/loss of cytoplasm

69
Q

holocrine secretion (process/ex)

A

sebaceous gland/cells destroyed

70
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines digestive and respiratory tract

71
Q

Serous membrane

A

lines pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities

72
Q

Synovial membrane

A

lines the joint cavities

73
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

makes up the skin

74
Q

ectoderm & endoerm forms

A

mesoderm

75
Q

formed by combination of epithelia and connective tissue. Sheet of epithelial cells. An underlying connective tissue.

A

membranes

76
Q

Molecular movement of solutes, direction determined by relative concentrations

A

Diffusion

77
Q

Movement of water molecules toward high solute concentrations, requires membrane

A

Osmosis

78
Q

Carrier molecules transport materials down a concentration gradient, requires membrane

A

Facilitated diffusion

79
Q

Carrier molecules work despite opposing concentration gradients

A

Active transport

80
Q

Formation of membranous vesicles containing fluid or solid material at the plasmalemma

A

Endocytosis

81
Q

Fusion of vesicles containing fluids and/or solids with the plasmalemma

A

Exocytosis

82
Q

DNA wrapped around proteins

A

Histones

83
Q

Cell reproduction

A

Interphase

84
Q

Hollow, made of tubulin. Involved in cell reproduction (centrioles)

A

Microtubules

85
Q

Anchor cytoskeleton to integral proteins. Stabilize the position of membrane proteins. Anchor plasmalemma to cytoplasm. Poduce movement of the cell. Primary composition-actin protein.

A

Microfilaments

86
Q

Microtubules (ex)

A

Centrioles, cilia, flagella

87
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions

88
Q

Tight & anchoring junctions

A

Adhering junctions

89
Q

Refers to the superficial anatomical markings

A

Surface anatomy

90
Q

Refers to all s structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep

A

Regional anatomy

91
Q

Study of the organ systems of the body (digestive system, cardiovascular system)

A

Systemic anatomy

92
Q

Study of cells

A

Cytology

93
Q

Study of tissues

A

Histology

94
Q

Membrane nearest the wall of body (farthest from organs)

A

Parietal membrane

95
Q

Membrane farthest from wall of body (nearest the organs)

A

Visceral membrane

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