MSA, MOAs, Visual and circling

Question 1

MOA

For night or IMC:

Answer 1

Relevant MSA/SSA or Radar cleared altitude

Question 2

The Radar cleared altitude is XXXX ft clearance within ±YY nm.

Answer 2

1000 ft within 5nm

This may conflict with charts. This is acceptable

Question 3

MOA

For Day VMC:

Answer 3

500 ft above all obstacles

Question 4

3 possible justifications to continue below MSA:

Answer 4

radar clearance

procedural descent

visual flight

Question 5

When cleared below/above MSA:

PF will call ….
PM will respond …

Answer 5

PF will call “Cleared above/below MSA”

PM will respond with the MSA figure and a justification to continue below MSA is required

Question 6

Concerning the MSA, and the approach brief - the following needs to be mentioned:

Answer 6

The dominant MSA figure

Variations in MSA - different quadrants, reroutes etc

The expected point of the “Radio Altimeter Call”

Point at which the MSA is expected to be crossed

Question 7

IMC Flight Below MSA:

Golden rule regarding descent below MSA and approach aids:

Answer 7

If practicable, flight below MSA using only one Navigation Aid or system should be avoided.

The aircraft is effectively using one Navigation aid when:
 FMS is updating from a single VOR/DME
 The same VOR is being used for the approach
 No radar is available

Question 8

IMC Flight Below MSA

If unable to avoid the use of a single nav aid or system below MSA, use XXX as a cross check

Answer 8

Expected track, heading and Rad Alt information as a cross check.

Question 9

IMC Flight Below MSA

Descent to the relevant SSA (or 25nm MSA) is permitted when …

Also, descent to a radar cleared altitude is permitted when…

Further descent below SSA is then permitted….

Answer 9

IMC Flight Below MSA

Descent to the relevant SSA (or 25nm MSA) is permitted when …. the aircraft is in the appropriate quadrant. (Give consideration to the adjoining quadrants).

Also, descent to a radar cleared altitude is permitted…. when under positive radar control.

Further descent below SSA is then permitted:
 Using a published Instrument Approach
 Visually in accordance with OM A 8.13.3.c

Question 10

Visual Flight Below MSA

Visual descent below MSA to the relevant SSA is permitted when:

BY DAY…

BY NIGHT… (3 points)

Answer 10

Visual Flight Below MSA

Visual descent below MSA to the relevant SSA is permitted when:

VMC BY DAY:
o The flight will remain clear of all obstacles on track (They can be obscured, must see the flight path)

VMC BY NIGHT:
o The flight will remain clear of all obstacles
o The line of flight is also the line of sight, i.e. the aircraft is heading towards an identifiable lit area, in general the runway itself.
o Distance is checked against altitude by means of radio or radar aids.

(If not, maintain MSA/SSA until over aerodrome)

Question 11

Minimum allowable Altitude in the MCP:

Answer 11

Unless allowable under an FCOM approved procedure (i.e. RNAV approach) the minimum altitude allowed in the MCP window is 1,000’ aae

Question 12

Maximum rate of descent wrt MSA

Answer 12

Do not exceed 3000 fpm within 3,000’ of the relevant MSA

Question 13

Corrections to MOA:

Cold temp error: add XX % per YY degrees below ISA

Add XXXX ft if YY kts windspeed at MSA/SSA.

Vertical clearance of a ridge above terrain: Add …

Answer 13

MOA corrections:

add 4% per 10 degrees below ISA for layer beneath.

Add 2000’ if 50kts wind at MSA/SSA.

Add: the vertical clearance of the ridge of its height above the surrounding terrain

Question 14

At circling altitude, sufficient visual reference must be maintained else…

Answer 14

climb to MSA/SSA.

Question 15

Visual approach visibility requirements:

Non USA:

Non USA (established on the CL and visual with the rwy)

USA:

Answer 15

Visual approach visibility requirements

Non USA: 5 km

Non USA (established on the CL): 800 m

USA: 3 sm

Question 16

Circling minima should be the higher of …..

Answer 16

Circling minima should be the higher of the circling minima published for the initial instrument approach flown or 1000’ AAL.

NB: The Approach Ban concept ( OM A 8.22.6.a Commencement and Continuation of Approach) applies to Circling Approaches

Question 17

In the USA, circling approaches are…

Answer 17

not permitted

Question 18

If circling minima allows (and crews expect to achieve sufficient visual reference) consideration should be given to flying a XXXX ft AAL circuit.

In this scenario either the circling procedure or a standard visual traffic pattern may be flown.

Answer 18

…. consideration should be given to flying a 1500’ AAL circuit.

In this scenario either the circling procedure or a standard visual traffic pattern may be flown

Question 19

At or below the relevant circling minima an approach shall be discontinued by an immediate go-around unless ….

Answer 19

…. sufficient visual reference of the terrain, AND either the approach lights OR the runway itself, are continuously in view to ensure clearance from the terrain

Question 20

If sufficient visual reference cannot be satisfied for circling, descent from Circling Minimum to the start of a Visual Final may be made with the help of a XXX, provided that there is sufficient visual reference to allow navigation along the tracks specified on that chart, and that all altitude/height restrictions on it are observed.

Answer 20

Visual Approach Chart

Question 21

The bandwith used for calculating MSAs on Cirrus is

Answer 21

20 nm on either side of track

Question 22

The MSAs on cirrus plan are subject to a minimum value of:

Answer 22

2000 ft

Question 23

SSAs provide a XXXX ft obstaccle clearance down to the intermediate approach segment

Answer 23

1000 ft

Question 24

MSA critical points - bandwidth and vertical clearance

Answer 24

10 nm either side of track and 2000 ft

NB 1: should a turn be required that exceeds 10nm, the greater distance shall be assumed

NB 2: RNP 5 aircraft are required to clear terrain by 5nm either side of track and 2000 ft. Turn restriction radii apply

Question 25

LIDO Vertical clearances

up to and incl 6000 ft ….. XXXX ft

above 6000 ft ….. XXXX ft

Answer 25

LIDO Vertical clearances

up to and incl 6000 ft ….. 1000 ft

above 6000 ft ….. 2000 ft

Question 26

Radar Cleared Altitudes: XXXX ft clearance +/- YYnm (can be less than MSA/SSA).

Answer 26

Radar Cleared Altitudes:

1000ft clearance +/-5nm (can be less than MSA/SSA)